黄土区农田和草地生态系统土壤呼吸差异及其影响因素

明确土地利用方式变化对土壤呼吸速率的影响,对预测黄土区退耕还草条件下的土壤碳循环变化具有重要的意义.于2010年7月～2011年12月,利用Li-8100系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测黄土高原沟壑区塬坡上相邻农田和草地的土壤呼吸速率,用以验证不同土地利用方式是否导致土壤呼吸速率的变化.结果发现,土地利用方式的改变导致了土壤呼吸速率的显著(P<0.05)变化,试验期间草地平均土壤呼吸速率[1.67μmol·(m2.s)-1]较相邻农田[1.35μmol·(m2.s)-1]提高24%(P<0.05),累积土壤呼吸草地(856 g·m-2)较农田(694 g·m-2)提高了23%(P<0.05).农田与草地的土壤温度差异显著,草地平均土壤温度(14.9℃)较农田(12.4℃)高2.5℃(P<0.05).农田和草地生态系统土壤温度与土壤呼吸均呈显著的指数关系(P<0.000 1).但农田和草地生态系统中土壤呼吸对温度响应存在本质差异(α=0.05),农田土壤呼吸的Q10(2.30)高于草地(1.74).土壤温度能够很好地解释农田和草地生态系统之间土壤呼吸的差异.     

丛枝菌根真菌在不同类型煤矸石山植被恢复中的作用

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)、真菌Glomus etunicatum(GE)和Glomus versiforme(GV)对新排、风化和自燃这3种类型煤矸石上玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、矿质营养吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、重金属吸收的影响,旨在为草原生态系统煤矸石废弃地的生态重建和植被恢复提供技术依据.结果表明,在3种煤矸石上2种AM真菌均与玉米成功建立了互惠共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为36%~54%.接种GE和GV均显著增加了新排和风化煤矸石上玉米植株的干重,接种GV显著增加了自燃煤矸石上玉米植株的干重;接种AM真菌不同程度促进了玉米对N、P和K的吸收,降低了C∶N∶P计量比,符合生长速率假设;接种对植株地上部和根部重金属Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn浓度的影响存在显著的差异.结果表明,GE和GV在3种类型的煤矸石上表现出了不同的菌根效应,GV更适于新排煤矸石和风化煤矸石的植被恢复,GE更适于自燃煤矸石的植被恢复.试验初步证明AM真菌对于增强玉米适应不同类型煤矸石复合逆境,以及在草原生态系统不同类型煤矸石废弃地上重建植被均具有一定潜在的作用,应进一步验证野外自然条件下AM真菌对不同类型煤矸石山的实际作用效果.     

规模化养殖环境影响评价实证研究

随着畜禽养殖业的发展,养殖废弃物的产生量逐年增加,对环境的影响日益严重,为控制和治理养殖污染物的排放进行环境影响评价成为社会普遍关注的热点。通过对养殖项目环境影响评价工作的编制依据、评价标准的介绍,并以阜康市某规模化肉牛养殖项目为例,对其运营期环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施,为环保部门和企业的管理提供理论依据,并为规模化养殖项目污染的预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动养殖业的可持续发展。     

三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化

为探讨三江源区2000—2010年草地植被的时空演变特征,定量评价三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化,采用植被覆盖度和NPP 2个生态参数,分析三江源区草地生态系统的时间变化特征和空间分布规律.结果表明:2000—2010年三江源区草地年均植被覆盖度为26.89%,年均NPP（以C计）为34.35 g/m2,11 a间二者均呈增加趋势.三江源区草地质量具有明显的季节性变化特征,呈南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局.从11 a的平均结果来看,三江源区草地植被覆盖度在8月达到最大值,约为59.19%;而草地NPP在7月达到最大值,为98.53 g/m2.气温是三江源区草地植被覆盖度变化的主要影响因子,而雨热不同期则造成三江源区草地NPP的年际波动变化.植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果.研究显示,2000—2010年三江源区草地生态系统质量有所改善,特别是生态工程实施后,草地生态系统质量明显好转.三江源区需在促进农牧业产业升级和资源优化配置的基础上,继续采取积极的减压增效措施,真正实现草畜平衡,达到生态保护的目的.      

A Multi-Criteria Analysis of Sustainability Effects of Increasing Concentrate Intensity in Swedish Milk Production 1989–1999

The concept of sustainable development is forcing standard economic analysis to acknowledge and address the existence of dimensions of performance, which are not reducible to monetary accounting. In particular, the implementation of this concept in practice requires: (a) the simultaneous handling of indicators developed in different disciplinary fields; and (b) an approach more related to the procedures adopted by consultants (Participatory Integrated Analysis), rather than theoretical academic analysis looking for ‘the’ optimal solution. The case study considered in this paper is a multi-criteria analysis of changes, which occurred in the Swedish milk production sector for the period 1989–1999. Multi-criteria impact matrices and multi-criteria representations are used to provide a transparent method of integrated analysis. Changes are characterized and quantified in a way that makes it possible to relate the impact of existing trends in relation to different sub-objectives (variation in performance in relation to social, economic and ecological indicators). The results of this analysis confirm a few well known predicaments of sustainability associated with agriculture. The growth of Sweden economy is driving a major increase in material throughputs within its agricultural sector. The need of increasing agricultural throughput (especially labour productivity) has moved the Swedish dairy sector in a clear situation of decreasing marginal return ( = large increases in inputs are not reflected in a proportional increase in output). Therefore, sound policies of development of this sector aimed at increasing the goal of sustainability have to be developed by considering several indicators of performance, and not only economic variables.     

刈割对华北平原人工草地土壤呼吸速率的影响

根据中国科学院禹城综合试验站牧草生态试验场土壤呼吸测定数据,分析了刈割前后3年生和6年生苜蓿、白三叶及小黑麦4种人工草地土壤呼吸日变化特征及刈割对草地土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:①刈割前不同牧草地的土壤呼吸强度差异明显,依次为3年生苜蓿>6年生苜蓿>白三叶>小黑麦,刈割后不同牧草地的土壤呼吸强度相差不大,土壤呼吸速率在3.0~3.5 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1之间;②刈割前不同牧草地的土壤呼吸日变化不相同,6年生苜蓿与小黑麦草地刈割前土壤呼吸速率由9:00开始逐渐增强,在12:00~16:00之间持续较高,以后逐渐下降,3年生苜蓿与白三叶草草地土壤呼吸速率在9:00~12:00之间逐渐升高,12:00到达峰值,之后逐渐下降;③与刈割前相比,4个处理牧草刈割10 d后其草地的土壤呼吸速率下降了30%~40%;④刈割前后Q₁₀值在1~2.32之间,平均值为1.37,刈割前平均值为1.63,刈割后平均值降为1.10。     

Ecological pressures on grassland ecosystems and their conservation strategies in Northern China

In this study,we identified ecological pressures on grassland ecosystems and adaptive countermeasures in Northern China.Our research revealed that the main sources of these pressures included population growth,economic development,resources exploitation,and global climate change,with human-related activities being overriding factors.Overgrazing was an important reason for grassland imbalance,causing soil erosion and desertification,especially during the sensitive spring greening phase.In steppe zones,commercial coal mining was destructive to the ecological environment.Regarding long-term strategies,we recommend that policy-makers devote more consideration to a new conceptual approach for transforming grasslands through shifting the focus from die grassland’s traditional production functions to meir ecological functions.Applying this concept,adaptive countermeasures should be developed to reduce human impacts based on the environmental capacities of grasslands.Moreover,we recommend the development of environment-friendly industries and reduction of pressures from human activities as effective measures for maintaining the balance between sustainable economic development and grassland conservation.Lastly,we suggest that restoration of degraded grasslands should conform to the principle of natural vegetation to further improve the ecological adaptability of plants and ecosystem stability.This study is expected to provide scientific support for policy-makers engaged in grassland protection.     

锡林郭勒草原保护区实现保护与发展双赢对策研究

内蒙古锡林郭勒草原保护区是我国唯一列入世界生物圈保护区网络的草原保护区，从草地资源利用、保护区管理和经济社会不同角度分析了保护区草原大面积退化的成因。以退化草原恢复为目标，对锡林郭勒草原保护区进行了新的规划．核心区面积占保护区总面积的比例由原来的0．17％增加到新规划的6．85％。以保护区内面积最大的白音锡勒牧场为研究区．利用2004年8月TM数字化磁带数据，在估算出白音锡勒牧场草原地上生物量的基础上，划分出未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4个等级，针对不同退化等级草场制定出不同的牧草产量利用率。并计算出以退化草原恢复为目标的草原合理放牧强度、相应面积和载畜量，结果为研究区平均合理放牧强度为43只标准羊单位／km^2。白音锡勒牧场2003年平均放牧强度为86只标准羊单位／km^2。最后提出应改变锡林郭勒草原单一的畜牧业经济机构，“以工养草”；大力扶植牧民从事生态旅游和针对不同退化等级草原制定合理的载畜量等实现保护区环境保护与经济发展双赢的对策。     

毛乌素沙地土地利用/覆被变化对草地土壤物理、化学和矿物学性质的影响

In arid and semiarid regions, cultivation and shrub invasion are two important factors to impact grassland. However, there are few studies to compare the effects of cultivation and shrub invasion on soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. In this study, three sampling sites, which respectively represent the native grassland, cultivated grassland (farmland), and shrub invasion of grassland (shrub land) in Mu Us sand land, were selected and soil samples were collected and measured for soil particle size distribution (PSD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations, and relative percentages of mineralogical components. Results showed that cultivation and shrub invasion significantly altered the soil PSD, soil C, N and P concentrations and pools, and the relative percentages of soil mineralogical components of the grassland ecosystems. Grassland cultivation and shrub invasion significantly decreased the contents of silt and clay. Moreover, the land cover change from grassland to farmland or shrubland significantly resulted in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil carbonate loss. In this study, we found that grassland cultivation resulted in more sand accumulation and more soil C and N losses than shrub invasion, which indicated that grassland cultivation was stronger than shrub invasion to accelerate soil desertification in Mu Us sand land.     

The Good Life of Creatures with Dignity Some Comments on the Swiss Expert Opinion

The notion of Dignity of Creatures has been voted into the Swiss Federal Constitution by a plebiscite. Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and Peter Schaber have given an expert opinion for the Swiss government to clarify the notion of Dignity of Creatures. According to them, by voting this notion into the Swiss constitution, the Swiss have chosen for a limited biocentric approach towards biotechnology. In such an approach genetic engineering of non-human beings is only allowed insofar that their own good is not impaired. It is, however, not clear when the good of a non-human being is impaired. I defend the position that – even if we confine ourselves to animals – their good goes beyond their well being.