The role of economic invisibility in development: veiling women's work in rural Pakistan

The thesis in this article is that both women's work and its invisibility are essential to development, and at two levels: to the economy of rural households and to the wider development process. For rural households, the case of Pakistan suggests that the veils that conceal women's work shield a portion of household production from the risks and extractions inherent in their involvement with development. This shielded production depends on off-farm natural resources of which the use is also veiled. For States and other development interests, the author suggests that women's work constitutes a subsidy which is intentionally invisible. The subsidy of women's labour is linked to a forest-to-farm subsidy. Women's invisible work, in other words, is not invisible because it is not seen, but because the process of economic development—for both rural households and States and other development actors—requires that it be hidden.     

Health and Welfare in Danish Dairy Cattle in the Transition to Organic Production: Problems, Priorities and Perspectives

During the past few years,organic dairy farming has grown dramatically inDenmark. Consequently, an increasing number ofpeople are encountering this method ofproduction for the first time. Amongst these,many veterinarians have suddenly had to dealwith organic herds in their home district, and,meeting examples of poor animal welfare, theyhave recently started to express some concerns.Against this background, a so-called``Synthesis of Knowledge' project was initiatedto examine the health and welfare of dairycattle and the use of medication in thetransition to organic production. The aim ofthe project was to investigate associatedproblems from the point of view of the dairyherd. Based on qualitative research interviewswith vets and agricultural advisors, as well asfocus group interviews with farmers who hadrecently converted from conventional to organicfarming, an expert panel attempted to identifyproblem areas and possible solutions. Theproblems related to (a) the adjustment to newand unknown practices, (b) poor management ingeneral, and (c) inappropriate legislation fororganic farming.One problem area was the rearing of dairycalves, particularly with regard to theestablishment of post partumrelationships between cow and calf, grouphousing, and the grazing of young animals. A``natural life' was identified as beingfundamental to organic animal husbandry. Interms of animal welfare, this concept can beunderstood as a way of living in which the calfis allowed to express its natural behavior andsatisfy its natural needs. Essentially, theconditions needed for good calf welfare requirethe compatibility and interplay of elementsfrom ``nature' (the natural life; includingopportunities to satisfy natural needs) and``culture' (farmer management skills; exerciseof care). These elements should be balanced toensure animal welfare in organic herds.     

基于Logistic回归模型的呼伦贝尔草原火险预测研究

目前国内外还没有对不同火险条件下草原火险时空发生概率的研究,而这方面研究对草原火灾管理对策和防火救助应急预案的制定具有重要意义.根据呼伦贝尔草原火灾统计月报表和相关气象、社会经济资料,利用Logistic回归模型建立草原火险预测模型,对草原火险进行了空间上的预测.结果表明,日平均风速、日降水量对草原火险影响较大. 以2005年所有火灾案例对草原火险预测模型进行检验,研究表明,该预测方法具有较高的可靠性,可为火灾管理和减灾决策的制定提供指导.     

基于Meta分析的煤矿区植被恢复对土壤有机碳储量的影响

煤矿开采是全世界应对不断增加的能源需求的主要手段.但随着煤矿开采,区域生态系统遭到不同程度的破坏,导致“碳汇”能力下降.植被恢复是矿区退化的生态系统和固碳功能恢复的基础.然而,目前尚未对全球范围内煤矿区植被恢复对土壤有机碳（SOC）的影响进行系统研究,因此无法准确预测全球SOC库对植被恢复的响应.通过搜集同行评议的112篇文章中植被恢复的土壤理化性质,以评估煤矿区植被恢复类型、土壤深度、恢复年份、年均温、年降水量和海拔等对SOC的影响,并明确相关的关键驱动因素.结果表明,受损煤矿区通过植被恢复能够显著改善土壤的理化性质,植被恢复后土壤相较于未恢复或自然恢复SOC储量提升了39.02%.当不考虑环境因素时,利于SOC储量积累的植被恢复类型为：农田>林地>草地>灌木林.4种类型的植被恢复对表层（0~20 cm）SOC储量均得到显著增加,草地和灌木能显著增加深层（>40 cm）的SOC储量,而林地和农田类型下深层的SOC储量与未恢复或自然恢复后的SOC储量无显著差异.植被恢复后SOC储量的增加趋势会随着土壤深度的增加而降低.具体的植被恢复策略应根据气候条件选择合适的植被类型.受损煤矿区在年均温<0℃和年均降水<500 mm的环境下,固碳效应较高的植被恢复类型为草地和灌木林,而在年均温>15℃和年降水量>800 mm的环境下,林地和农田恢复类型能够更好地增加SOC储量.TN、BD、AN和AK是影响土壤固碳能力的主要因素.研究可为量化受损煤矿区不同植被恢复措施的固碳效果和退化生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论参考.     

基于植被-气候最大响应模型的草地退化评价

草地植被生长现状及变化趋势的宏观监测,对草地资源的管理及生态建设有着重要的理论指导和实践监督意义。然而,多数的草地退化程度评价都没有考虑草地植被对气候条件年际变化的敏感性,评价"基准"不一,致使对草地退化程度评价的结果也无从比较,给草地生态建设恢复工作的实施与监督带来不便。基于植被-气候最大响应模型的草地退化评价方法,认为非气候因子(如病虫害、野火、放牧和人类活动等等)如果对草地植被的生长影响过度,就会造成草地植被生产力下降等后果。因此,利用长期的遥感数据和气象观测资料的空间插值结果,查找特定气候条件下同种类型草地植被所能达到的最大生产力,即可建立一定时间空间范围内草地植被生产力与气候条件的最大响应模型,以此作为草地退化的评价"基准",可对草地植被的生长状态及其变化过程进行监测与评价。对锡林郭勒盟草地植被退化状态及其变化趋势的评价结果表明:非气候因子导致的锡林郭勒盟草地退化非常严重,但从多年变化趋势来看,全盟的草地退化面积和平均退化程度均有减小的趋势。     

大伙房水库底栖动物（1980～1992）群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

1980～1992年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节底栖动物群落特征生态调查。共发现26种底栖动物,隶属于20属,3科。底栖动物密度由1980年的3335个/m2减少到1992年的829个/m2。共发现9种耐污种类,占总数的34.6％,密度占86.5％以上。水质生物学评价结果表明：1、2站动物种类少（10种）,多样性指数低（1.2956）,属α──中污染;5站动物种类多（16种）,多样性指数高（1.4024）,属β──中污染;大伙房水库只受到轻度污染。     

SR菌的卫生安全性研究

为了探讨ＳＲ菌应用于净化回收电镀废水重金属工艺的安全性,通过１１项试验和调查,研究了ＳＲ菌的毒力、毒性、致毒性、感染性和致敏性,ＳＲ菌在机体内的转归,人接触ＳＲ菌的反应,ＳＲ菌对植物生长的遗传的影响,结果表明ＳＲ菌的毒力,致毒性都在无毒范围;不致传染病;不致皮肤过敏;ＳＲ菌对植物的生长和遗传无不良影响,进入胃肠道的ＳＲ菌ＳＲ菌６ｈ入血液循环,２４ｈ由尿,粪排出,体内的ＳＲ菌在７ｄ左右被机体解体,通     

北京地区人工景观生态服务价值估算

以生态系统服务价值定量评价的现有成果为手段,针对北京市的具体问题,对北京市人工草地与人工林木、人工景观水面与人工湿地的生态服务价值进行了估算和对比分析.结果显示北京地区的人工草地和人工景观水面的生态服务价值皆为负值,而人工林木和人工湿地的生态服务价值较高,所以种草不如种树,造水面不如建湿地.     

Revisiting two dogmas of conservation science

Conservation science is a morally motivated field, with implicit and explicit values built into its practice. As such, conservationists must engage with conservation ethics to interrogate underlying values. We examine cutting-edge ecological science and contemporary ethics to revisit two conservation norms that have become dogmatic in the field: ecological collectives, but not individual animals, are valuable and anthropomorphism should be staunchly avoided. Emerging studies demonstrate that individuals and their intraspecific variation can be instrumentally valuable for conservation science, and there is an emerging consensus within environmental philosophy around the moral worth of individuals. Thus, we suggest conservation science should explicitly recognize the value of individuals. We also argue that avoiding anthropomorphism is detrimental to conservation because critical anthropomorphism enables a more nuanced scientific approach—allowing conservationists to ask enlightened questions with creativity and compassion. We provide evidence that both dogmatic norms are scientifically and morally outdated and propose new normative values to push conservation towards more robust science and ethical practice.     

生长季节初期高山针叶林小生境土壤动物群落多样性

研究了非生长季节向生长季节转换过程中川西高山森林土壤动物群落结构和多样性的特征,以期解释土壤动物群落的自适应变化.从川西高山原始针叶林下6种小生境共捕获大型土壤动物为3 167只,隶属于2门8纲16目,以林隙小生境内大型土壤动物的个体密度(530.71只/m2)和类群数量(10类)最高;中小型土壤动物为10 585只,隶属于4门8纲8目,以苔藓小生境内中小型土壤动物的个体密度(148 400.00只/m2)和林隙小生境中类群数(8类)最高.林隙小生境中的大型土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’和Pielou均匀性指数J最高,Simpson优势度指数C最低,但倒木小生境表现出相反的趋势.林下凋落物小生境的中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数H’最高,C最低,但灌木小生境则相反.