光合细菌在环境领域的研究与应用进展

光合细菌是自然界中一类特殊的微生物,它可以借助光能进行营养物质的代谢和生长。随着近年来研究的逐步深入,发现光合细菌在环境领域的水体净化、脱氮除磷、生物质能化以及农牧业生产等相关领域都发挥着重要的作用。文章系统的介绍了光合细菌的分类和生理生化性质特征,并综述了光合细菌在环境及其相关领域的研究和应用进展,同时,结合目前已经广泛应用的技术手段提出了光合细菌在水污染控制等环境领域应用的一些新的技术设想和研究思路。     

基于GIS的东北农田畜禽粪便施用适宜性分析

东北三省是我国重要的粮食生产和工业基地.近年来,随着经济发展增速加快和产业结构调整力度加大,畜禽养殖业发展迅速,畜禽粪便产生量也快速增加.如何合理处置和利用畜禽粪便对东北三省的农业生产和环境保护都具有重要意义.本研究基于GIS平台,从自然、环境、社会和经济等多方面对东北三省畜禽粪便农田施用的适宜性进行了定量分析和评价.结果表明,东北三省78.9%的耕地适宜施用畜禽粪便,总面积为211942.7km2,主要分布在黑龙江和吉林省的大部分地区.总体来看,与居民区、水体和道路之间的禁施距离,是限制东北三省畜禽粪便耕地施用的关键因子,降雨量差异是影响耕地施用畜禽粪便适宜性地区差异的主要因子.结合适宜施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积和现有畜禽养殖水平,以畜禽粪便排放P2O5为评价指标,36个城市的养殖可发展潜力从四平市超出耕地负荷181.3万头到齐齐哈尔市1120.3万头的盈余,差异较大.从区域分布看,东部区域还有284.2万头的养殖发展空间,西部地区的辽宁中部和吉林中部近一半城市畜禽养殖量已经超过耕地可承载能力,而典型山区林区的养殖业进一步发展的空间相对较小(25.2万头的盈余量),应该适度控制和调整养殖业的发展.     

我国南方不同类型草地生产力及对气候变化的响应

为进一步明晰南方不同类型草地的碳源汇关系,预测未来气候情景下可能的碳循环特征,利用本地参数化的BIOME-BGC模型对2001~2010年低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸样地净初级生产力(NPP)与净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行了模拟估算。不同类型草地的NPP和NEP 10年间变化趋势不同,低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸的NPP平均值分别为357.17、232.4和191.96gC/(m2·a);NEP的平均值分别为3.25、21.28和81.96gC/(m2·a)。3种类型草地NPP与温度之间存在显著的正相关关系,NEP与温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系;本模型模拟的NPP和NEP与年平均降水量之间相关性不明显。未来气候情景C1P-1T1下(CO2浓度倍增,年均温增加2℃,降水减少10%),低山丘陵草原化草甸样地NPP增加26.93%,NEP增加160%;典型草山草坡样地NPP增加62.20%,NEP增加153%;典型山地草甸样地NPP增加135%,NEP增加206%。3种南方草地类型在未来气候情景下都将有一定的碳汇增长潜力,其中以典型山地草甸的碳汇潜力最为明显,与降水量相比受温度变化的影响相对较大。     

Identifying and Managing Threatened Invertebrates through Assessment of Coextinction Risk

Abstract: Invertebrates with specific host species may have a high probability of extinction when their hosts have a high probability of extinction. Some of these invertebrates are more likely to go extinct than their hosts, and under some circumstances, specific actions to conserve the host may be detrimental to the invertebrate. A critical constraint to identifying such invertebrates is uncertainty about their level of host specificity. We used two host‐breadth models that explicitly incorporated uncertainty in the host specificity of an invertebrate species. We devised a decision protocol to identify actions that may increase the probability of persistence of a given dependent species. The protocol included estimates from the host‐breadth models and decision nodes to identify cothreatened species. We applied the models and protocol to data on 1055 insects (186 species) associated with 2 threatened (as designated by the Australian Government) plant species and 19 plant species that are not threatened to determine whether any insect herbivores have the potential to become extinct if the plant becomes extinct. According to the host‐breadth models, 18 species of insect had high host specificity to the threatened plant species. From these 18 insects, the decision protocol highlighted 6 species that had a high probability of extinction if their hosts were to become extinct (3% of all insects examined). The models and decision protocol have added objectivity and rigor to the process of deciding which dependent invertebrates require conservation action, particularly when dealing with largely unknown and speciose faunas.     

Seepage from deep bedded and poultry litter systems

Abstract

The work reported indicates that there could be a potential of ground water pollution by NO₃‐N from turkey facilities built on both sandy and clay soils. At four different depths (30.54, 61.08, 91.62, and 122.16 cm), the NO₃‐N levels for the clay soil were 1572, 497, 66, and 28 ppm, and those for the sandy soil were 293, 425, 324, and 164 ppm, respectively. No significant P increases were observed but there did exist a significant increase of K in the topsoil for both clay and sandy turkey structures. The results show that swine hoop houses with less than three or four years of age may not pose a threat to groundwater pollution due to the leaching of nutrients. The only dairy feedlot sampled in this study, although it has been used for more than 20 years, did not show leaching of NO₃‐N and P. However, it did show a significantly elevated concentration of potassium in the topsoil, as compared to the background sample. More sites should be investigated to verify this.     

秦皇岛市城市绿地对气候环境的调节作用

通过对秦皇岛草面、沥青表面、水泥表面和裸露地表4种表面温度观测的数据,分析了不同地表表面温度在夏季不同天气条件下温度的变化规律与差异,阐述了草地在城市气候环境调节中的作用。统计结果表明,夏季各表面温度从高到低的次序为:沥青、水泥、裸土和草面温度。在不同的地表面中,夜间基本均以草面温度最低。各表面的最低温度出现在日出前,各表面的平均最高温度出现在12～14时之间。在夏季晴朗的白天,中午各表面温度达到一日中的最高。草面的温度远低于沥青和水泥表面的温度,白天平均温度差异达到10.0℃左右。     

东北森林土壤动物同功能种团及其生态分布

对位于小兴安岭的东北林业大学凉水自然保护区和位于张广才岭的东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的土壤动物进行了研究。结果表明,该地区土壤动物可划分为腐食性、植食性,捕食性动物三个同功能种团,土壤动物各同功能种团在组成、个体数量、生物量等方面均具有相对稳定性,群落土壤动物同功能种团的数量分布状况能在很大程度上反映群落环境的相似与差异程度;群落中各土壤动物同功能种团的个体数量间无明显的相关性,但腐食性动物与捕食性动物两个同功能种团的生物量之间具有的相关性。图1表2参13     

中国本土鱼类模式生物稀有鮈鲫研究应用的历史与现状

稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)是一种中国特有的小型鲤科鱼类,从1990年开始,中国科学院水生生物研究所以培育新的实验鱼为目的,对稀有鮈鲫开展了系列的实验动物化研究,并推动其在各研究领域中的应用。随着我国化学品环境管理制度的建立,稀有鮈鲫已逐渐成为我国化学品测试中最重要的受试鱼类。本文综述了稀有鮈鲫分类地位、分布、形态特征、早期发育、生长、繁殖、遗传、对环境的适应性等方面的生物学特点,分析了稀有鮈鲫作为模式生物的优点,介绍了稀有鮈鲫实验动物标准制定进展。随着实验动物标准化工作的深入以及基因组测序工作的开展,稀有鮈鲫将更广泛地应用于相关的研究和检定,成为一种我国具有代表性的本土模式生物。     

Optimization of animal manure vermicomposting based on biomass production of earthworms and higher plants

The goal of this study was to optimize the mixture of swine manure (SM) and cattle manure (CM) used in the vermicomposting process, seeking to increase the manure biodegradation rate and enhance the biomass production of both earthworms and higher plants. To achieve this goal, physico-chemical parameters were determined to assess the final compost quality after 50 days of vermicomposting. The different manure ratios used to produce the composts (C) were as follows (SM:CM, % m/m basis): C1 100:0, C2 (75:25), C3 (50:50), C4 (25:75), and C5 (0:100). In addition, the earthworm biomass and the phytoproductivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants grown in mixtures (1:1) of natural soil and the most viable vermicomposts were investigated. The C1 and C2 compost compositions were associated with high earthworm mortality rates. The C3 compost provided the highest mineral concentrations and C5 showed the highest lettuce yield (wet biomass). The results verify that stabilized cattle manure is an excellent substrate for the vermicomposting process and that fresh swine manure must be mixed with pre-stabilized cattle manure to ensure an optimized vermicomposting process, which must be controlled in terms of temperature and ammonia levels. It is concluded that small livestock farmers could add value to swine manure by applying the vermicomposting process, without the need for high investments and with a minimal requirement for management of the biodegradation process. These are important technical aspects to be considered when circular economy principles are applied to small farms.     

《野生动物保护法》修改的热点问题与建议

目前我国正在修改《野生动物保护法》,其中一些热点问题引发社会讨论。建议在立法目的方面,可规定保护栖息地、规范野生动物资源利用和维护生物多样性。在保护对象方面,采用重点保护与一般保护相结合,改变"三有"的归类标准,扩大栖息地的保护范围。在驯养繁殖方面,明确"科学驯养繁殖"的方针,制定名录规范人工繁育和综合利用,保护动物福利,实行科学野化放归。在社会治理方面,明确信息公开和公众参与原则,拓宽公众参与渠道,建立基金,赋予社会组织提起公益诉讼的权利,发挥产业协会的自律作用。在法律责任方面,进一步明确消费者和监管者的责任,增加违法行为的种类,加大处罚力度,重点监管网络市场,建立野生动物致害补偿基金。