What's wrong with animalby-products?

Without looking beyond the conditions under which laying hens typically live in the contemporary U.S. egg industry, we can understand why the production and consumption of factory farmed eggs could be judged immoral. However, the question, What (if anything) is wrong with animal by-products? cannot always be adequately answered by looking at the conditions under which animals live out their productive lives. For the dairy industry looks benign in those terms, but if we look beyond the conditions under which milk cows live, we can better understand some animal rights activists' reasons for objecting to dairy products. The contemporary U.S. dairy industry requires a slaughter industry between one-seventh and one-third the size of the contemporary beef industry. Today, beef slaughter is vastly more humane than poultry slaughter, but if today's beef slaughter industry is judged emmoral, the contemporary dairy industry should be judged similarly immoral, because the two are wedded. This is the deep reason for moral suspicion of the dairy industry.     

青藏高原天然草地载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究

青藏高原草地植被和牲畜是影响该地区生态环境的主要影响因素, 因此, 研究此两项因素及 其之间的关系, 对于保护青藏高原生态环境、促进经济发展具有重要的意义。为此, 论文利用 2003-2004 年青藏高原天然草地产草量观测资料, 经过GPS 定位, 与NOAA/AVHRR 植被指数建 立了天然草地产草量反演模型及不同区域尺度天然草地年最大产草量、载畜量估算模型; 同时, 利 用粮食、油菜、青饲料等农业产量和林地面积等资料, 估算了青藏高原精、粗饲料的载畜能力, 分别 建立了天然草地以及考虑补饲后的草畜平衡监测模型, 分析了青藏高原及其县、地、省等不同区域 天然草地以及区域总体牲畜承载能力和草畜平衡状况。结果表明: 青海和西藏在天然草地和农业等 其它补饲共同承载下, 2003-2004 年年平均最大载畜能力分别为3 140×104、2 865×104 只标准羊单 位, 超载率分别为16%、78%, 两省平均超载率为45%。分地州来看, 两省除青海的果洛州和玉树州 实际牲畜数量没有超过当地的最大承载能力、青海海西州和西藏林芝地区草畜基本平衡以外, 其余 地州均有不同程度的超载, 其中果洛州和玉树州天然草地牲畜超载率分别为- 11%、- 26%, 利于“三 江源”地区天然草地植被的恢复和生态环境的改善; 青海黄南州、海北州、海南州、西宁市、海东地区 和西藏昌都、那曲、阿里地区牲畜超载率为45%～97%, 西藏拉萨市、日喀则、山南地区达115%～ 153%, 这些地区应适当降低牲畜数量或加大补饲力度, 以减轻对当地生态承载的压力。青海牲畜超 载的县主要位于东部, 西藏超载的县主要位于西部和南部大部地区。     

科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量关系研究

论文从植被的种丰富度和功能多样性两个方面研究不同沙漠化阶段科尔沁沙地植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量的关系。相关分析表明,在科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段,植物种多样性和沙地草场地上生物量的关系与多样性指数计算的基本单位有关。研究结果显示:①依据一年生、多年生和灌木等生活型为划分标准的功能多样性,在固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数分别为-0.534、-0.574和-0.431。以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物为划分标准的功能多样性,在半固定沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数为0.722。②在不同的沙漠化阶段,生活型多样性与地上生物量的关系呈负相关。说明在不同沙漠化程度的草场中,植物生活型组成的不均匀,有利于提高沙地草场地上生物量。③从不同生活型在各个沙漠化阶段中的种丰富度特征来看,一年生植物最高,多年生植物次之,灌木最低,平均值分别为9(±6.0)、3(±2.6)和1.8(±1.0),说明一年生植物在沙地植被组成中占主导地位。同时,研究结果表明,在不同沙漠化阶段中,以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物划分的功能类型组的平均重要值以C₄植物最高,C₃植物次之,豆科最低,分别为48(±12.3)、39.7(±3.6)和12.3(±14.3),说明C₄类植物在科尔沁沙地植     

Measuring the complexity of interaction webs using vertical links between functional groups

Ecological insights into the usually high complexity of interaction webs demand a simplification of their structure to concentrate on the most important interactions within a community. One way to achieve this goal is to use functional groups (FGs). Using simple and partial Mantel tests the vertical interactions between FGs from different trophic levels were studied both at a disturbed grassland site and at a similar but undisturbed site. The resulting interaction structures of both ecosystems were compared. (i) An approximately 50% higher vertical FG-connectance could be found in the undisturbed than in the disturbed grassland; (ii) a much higher percentage of significant correlations did exist between FGs in the undisturbed than in the disturbed system; and (iii) the disturbed grassland was characterized by more simply structured biotic interaction patterns. From these results it was concluded that (a) Mantel tests are a useful tool for detecting significant interaction patterns (web links) between FGs, and that (b) FG-connectance is a powerful measure of complexity and functional diversity of communities.     

畜牧场污染治理排污现状及其防治对策

文章总结了上海大中型畜禽物场现有污染治理方式主要是工程治理和还田，主要手段有产沼、沉淀、曝气、厌氧发酵、好氧发酵和氧化塘（沟）等。现有治理设施正常运行率为66.7%。CODcrBOD5和NH3-N超标率分别为66.7%、58.3%和66.7%。沉淀池一氧化塘法对污染物具有较高的削减率。畜禽污染治理应向系统化方向发展。     

我国畜禽品种资源的多样性与畜牧业的可持续发展

在指出畜禽品种资源多样性是保证畜牧业稳定持续发展重要的基本要素的基础上,回顾与评价了近半个世纪国内外对畜禽品种资源进行的主要工作,以及对资源多样性认识的逐步进展。继之阐明了我国畜禽品种资源的多样性及其在国际上的地位和影响。然后指出了我国畜禽品种资源及其多样性面临的困境。进一步论述了六条对策,其中最重要的是从观念上和理论上彻底摈弃长期存在的对畜禽品种资源掠夺的观念和作法。并制定正确的有科学预见的保护决策和措施。     

Conservation Value of Clustered Housing Developments

Abstract:  Traditionally, exurban lands in Colorado have been subdivided into a grid of parcels ranging from 2 to 16 ha. From an ecological perspective, this dispersed pattern of development effectively maximizes the individual influence of each home on the land. Clustered housing developments, designed to maximize open space, are assumed to benefit plant and wildlife communities of conservation interest. They have become a popular alternative for rural development despite the lack of empirical evidence demonstrating their conservation benefits. To better inform rural land-use planning, we evaluated clustered housing developments by comparing their spatial pattern with that of dispersed housing developments and by comparing their conservation value with that of both dispersed housing developments and undeveloped areas in Boulder County, Colorado. We used four indicators to assess conservation value: (1) densities of songbirds, (2) nest density and survival of ground-nesting birds, (3) presence of mammals, and (4) percent cover and proportion of native and non-native plant species. Clustered and dispersed housing developments did not differ on the majority of variables we examined. Both types of housing development had significantly higher densities of non-native and human-commensal species and significantly lower densities of native and human-sensitive species than undeveloped areas. More rigorous ecological guidelines and planning on a regional scale may help create clustered developments with higher conservation value.     

国内外规模化猪场废水处理工艺技术新进展

系统地介绍了国内外规模化猪场粪污处理发展动态，并得出结论：控制猪场废水污染较经济合理的方法是以厌氧工艺为主，辅以好氧、物理、化学处理的组合工艺系统。     

用Excel2000线性规划最低成本法设计饲料配方

利用Excel2000电子数据表格软件提供的线性规划对畜禽的饲料配方寻求最优解，具有科学、运算速度快、增减原料随意和数据修改容易等优点，可以省去手工计算饲料配方的繁琐，与研制出来的专家系统饲料配方软件及相关计算机设计饲料配方的程序相比，该方法无须要求使用者首先购买这些软件和程序，只要用户购买电脑并安装上Excel7000电子数据表格软件后即可运用线性规划设计饲料配方。     

我国家养动物多样性现状与持续利用对策

本文叙述了我国家养动物多样性的现状以及畜牧业发展中家养动物多样性保护与利用的目标及其效益;提出当前我国家养动物保扩和利用面临的问题;并就家养动物多样性保护和利用提出了7个方面的措施,强调家养动物多样性是促进畜牧业持续发展的前提。