中国草地主要生态环境问题分析与防治对策

采用20世纪80-90年代的文献资料及调研数据,分析了我国草地主要生态环境问题.结果表明:我国退化草地、鼠害草地面积呈不断扩大趋势,10年间我国西部主要牧区退化草地面积与鼠害草地面积分别增加了529.1×104和1 437.5×104 hm2;草地质量持续下降,生态承载力降低,超载现象越来越严重;草地生态功能下降,沙化草地已成为重要的沙尘源区.在此基础上,提出了从全流域(区域)的角度进行草地退化治理、紧急启动区域性的草地生态环境保护规划、改变草地生态保护资金投入机制、改善人与自然的关系等我国草地生态环境退化的根本性防治措施.      

Modelling above-ground herbage mass for a wide range of grassland community types

Whereas it is recognized that management of plant diversity can be the key to reconciling production and environmental aims, most grassland models are tailored for high-value grass species. We proposed to adapt a mono-specific grass model to take into account specific features of species-rich permanent grasslands, especially over the reproductive phase. To this end, we used the concept of plant functional type (PFT), i.e. the grouping of plant species according to plant traits determined by the response of plant species to different management practices (land use and fertilization) and characterizing of agronomic properties of the corresponding species. In the model, weather and nutrient availability act upon rates of biophysical processes (radiation capture and use, plant senescence). These rates are modified over times due to PFT-specific parameters determined experimentally which represent the different strategies of plant species regarding growth. The integration of these parameters into the model made it possible to predict herbage biomass accumulation rate under different management practices for a wide range of plant communities differing in their PFT composition. The model was evaluated in two steps, first by analyzing separately the effects of PFT and an indicator of nutrient availability on herbage accumulation and then by conducting a sensitivity analysis. It was validated using two independent datasets; a cutting experiment running over the whole growing season to examine the consistency of the model outputs under different cutting regimes, and a monitoring of meadows and pastures in spring over a whole growth cycle to assess the model’s ability to reproduce growth curves. Although a good fit was observed between the simulated and observed data, the few discrepancies noticed between field data and predicted values were attributed mainly to the potential presence of non-grass species. More specifically, we noticed that nutrient (mainly nitrogen) availability is the main driver of plant growth rate, and that PFT determines the times at which this rate changes in relation to the phenological characteristics of species present. We concluded that integration of the PFT concept into the initial mono-specific growth model is especially suited to evaluating the consequences of management practices on species-rich permanent grasslands to meet feed production targets.     

青海湖区紫花针茅草原封育导致的土壤养分时空变化特征

封育导致的生态系统恢复会体现在土壤恢复.以不同封育年限的青海湖区紫花针茅草原为对象,研究封育导致的土壤养分时空变化特征.结果表明:同一样地速效氮、速效磷和速效钾都表现为表层含量最高,显著高于第Ⅱ层,下面几层之间差异不显著;封育对速效养分含量影响不同,对速效钾含量影响不大,而速效磷含量大多显著提高,封育样地速效氮含量稍微高于对照样地.全量养分相比较,封育对土壤全钾和全磷含量影响不大,随土层加深全氮含量降低,封育导致土壤表层全氮含量升高(提高了19.9%).有机质含量随土层加深而降低,长期封育导致土壤有机质含量增加.相关分析表明,速效钾和全钾含量之间相关不显著,速效磷和全磷、速效氮和全氮含量都表现出显著相关,有机质和全量养分之间只有全氮表现出了显著相关.封育后土壤pH值略有升高;随着土层加深,土壤容重升高,但土壤容重变化不大.封育使草原土壤养分含量增加,但是养分的增加是一个非常缓慢的过程,对草原的保护还需继续加强.     

The reintroduction and reinterpretation of the wild

This paper is concerned with changing social representations of the “wild,” in particular wild animals. We argue that within a contemporary Western context the old agricultural perception of wild animals as adversarial and as a threat to domestication, is being replaced by an essentially urban fascination with certain emblematic wild animals, who are seen to embody symbols of naturalness and freedom. On closer examination that carefully mediatized “naturalness” may be but another form of domestication. After an historical overview of the human-animal, domestic-wild construction, an anthropological approach is used to interpret the social representation of wild animals held by different social actors — farmers, hunters, and tourists — within the context of an inhabited National Park, that of the Cévennes in south east France. Within the Park, the domestic and the wild, along with agriculture, hunting, conservation, re-introduced wild animals, and tourists cohabit. It is argued that changes in the representation of “wildness” may well be an important indicator of changes in the social representation of nature.     

The Reintroduction and Reinterpretation of the Wild

This paper is concerned with changing social representations of the ``wild,' in particular wild animals. We argue that within a contemporary Western context the old agricultural perception of wild animals as adversarial and as a threat to domestication, is being replaced by an essentially urban fascination with certain emblematic wild animals, who are seen to embody symbols of naturalness and freedom. On closer examination that carefully mediatized ``naturalness' may be but another form of domestication. After an historical overview of the human-animal, domestic-wild construction, an anthropological approach is used to interpret the social representation of wild animals held by different social actors – farmers, hunters, and tourists – within the context of an inhabited National Park, that of the Cévennes in south east France. Within the Park, the domestic and the wild, along with agriculture, hunting, conservation, re-introduced wild animals, and tourists co-habit. It is argued that changes in the representation of ``wildness' may well be an important indicator ofchanges in the social representation of nature.     

Taking Humanism Seriously: ``Obligatory' Anthropocentrism

Humanism – in the sense that humans alonehave moral standing, or else a surpassing degree of it– has traditionally dominated all of ethicaldiscourse. However, its past formulations havesuccumbed to the temptation merely to stipulate sucha criterion, such as rationality, which nonhumans areoften deemed (without sufficient argument) to failwithout exception. Animal liberationistarguments do exist in counterpoint to traditionalhumanism, but one current difficulty seems to be asimple clash of basic assumptions, with an indecisiveresult. Although the author of this paper is anonanthropocentrist, he attempts to further the moraltheoretical debate by constructing a more powerfulversion of humanism, based in a pursuit of the good,per se. The theory is premised upon viewing humans asgenerally having and leading lives of greater value,in some relevant sense. This essay prefigures theauthor's refutation of humanism, more generally, inthe understanding that such a world view cannot trulybe refuted unless its best version is answered.Whatever the status of this paper's offering of``Obligatory' Anthropocentrism, the theory can be seento have a great deal more success than itspredecessors in parrying, and apparently outdoing,contemporary animal liberationist philosophies.     

青海省因草地生态破坏造成土壤流失的经济损失核算

基于核算生态破坏经济损失的需要,提出了草地生态破坏经济损失的概念,并在草地覆盖率生态遥感测量的基础上,建立了草地土壤流失经济损失的综合估算方法.利用该方法对2006年青海省草地土壤流失经济损失进行了估算.结果表明,青海省2006年草地土壤流失造成的经济损失为185.2亿元,平均4.59万元/km2.     

小型畜牧养殖场废水处理工程实例

采用以人工湿地为主体的工艺处理小型养殖场产生的废水,先经稀释、混合调节对高浓度废水进行预处理,之后依次进入简易厌氧池、四级人工湿地和生物塘工序。实际运行结果表明:该工艺处理效果好,运行稳定,耐冲击负荷能力强,费用低廉,SS、COD、NH4+-N、TP去除率分别达到91%、89%、62%和88%,出水可达再生水回用于农业用水选择性标准。     

中国畜牧业地理集聚特征及其演化机制

农业地理集聚是有效实现农业分工的空间组织形态。以畜牧业为例,采用基尼系数、专业化指数、产业集中度和产业平均集聚率等指标与模型,分析了畜牧业地理集聚的发展特征、演变态势及其形成机制。结果表明:1980-2011 年中国畜牧业地理集聚程度不断增强,呈现出先增强后减弱再到稳定上升的阶段性演化特征,但不同畜产品生产的地理集聚过程差异显著;省域尺度上,畜牧业平均集聚率重心不断北移,逐步形成了北方地区高度集聚、南方地区中低度集聚的空间分异格局;畜牧业地理集聚格局经历了由自然集聚到空间重构再到空间优化的过程,自然资源禀赋、农业生产力以及市场与政策,在不同时期主导着中国畜牧业空间格局的演变,构成了我国畜牧业地理集聚格局的演化机制。     

黄土高原半干旱区土壤呼吸对土地利用变化的响应

明确土地利用方式变化条件下引起土壤呼吸差异性的因素,对预测黄土区退耕还草条件下土壤碳循环变化有重要意义。基于建立于1984 年的长期定位试验,于2011 年3 月至2012年12 月,利用Li-8100 系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测了退耕还草(苜蓿)处理和农田(冬小麦)土壤呼吸季节变化以及土壤表层(0~5 cm)温度和含水量,研究了土地利用变化下土壤呼吸变化特征及其与土壤温度、水分以及有机碳特性之间的关系。结果发现,退耕27 a 来(自1984年麦地转化为苜蓿地),土壤呼吸速率苜蓿地(3.55 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)达小麦地(1.36 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)的2.61 倍,累积呼吸量苜蓿地(981 g·m^-2)达小麦(357 g·m^-2)的2.75 倍。土壤呼吸温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)苜蓿地较小麦地2011 年提高24.5%,2012 年提高2.4%。苜蓿地SOC含量(10.5 g·kg^-1)较小麦地(6.5 g·kg^-1)提高61.5%,微生物量碳(204 mg·kg^-1)较小麦地(152 mg·kg^-1)提高34%,0~5 cm土壤水分含量同期高于小麦地,但二者土壤温度差异不显著。土壤水分、SOC、微生物量碳等是造成二者呼吸差异的因素。