Formation of Rodent Communities in Arable Lands of Northern Eurasia

Rodent communities of crop fields have been demonstrated to fundamentally differ from rodent communities of natural biotopes. Communities dominated by Microtus arvaliss. lato, Mus musculus, and Apodemus agrariusoccupy the largest areas of arable fields in northern Eurasia. These are typical agrophiles. They usually rapidly colonize various crop fields, inhabit them seasonally or throughout the year, and successfully reproduce there, losing their connections with natural biotopes. Agriculture helps a few agrophilic species to flourish but reduces the general diversity of rodents.     

磷回收技术的研发现状及发展趋势

磷是地球上一种不可自然再生的有限资源,磷的这一属性近年来已诱使国际磷矿石价格一路飙升,较10年前翻了6番.与此同时,全球范围内普遍存在着陆地磷矿产资源日益匮乏与水环境中磷含量过高而导致水体富营养化这一矛盾.这样的资源与环境现状目前正推动着以"回收"磷代替"去除"磷之理念的快速传播与研发技术的实际应用;从污水以及动物粪尿中发掘"第二磷矿"的设想目前正被国际社会所日益青睐.2009年5月"第4届从污水中回收营养物国际会议"高度浓缩了当今世界有关磷回收技术的研发与应用现状.以此次会议内容为主线,结合其他方面最新研究与应用成果,首先对磷回收偏爱产物——鸟粪石形成的pH等重要反应条件之基础性研究成果进行了概述.其次,详细阐述了磷回收技术的研发进展,除传统的化学沉淀、结晶、吸附/解吸附等方法外,还着重介绍了尿液源分离、MBR、纳米技术、丝状聚磷微生物、生物浸取/生物富集、生物铁工艺等新型磷回收技术,以及动物粪尿磷回收、污泥及肉骨焚烧灰回收磷与生物质磷回收技术.最后,以实例说明磷回收产物在农业和水产养殖业方面的尝试效果,并对磷回收未来技术发展趋势进行了宏观展望.     

Assessment of the nitrogen and carbon budget of two managed temperate grassland fields

Greenhouse gas budgets as well as the productivity of grassland systems are closely related to the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. Within the framework of the CarboEurope and NitroEurope projects we have measured C and N exchange on the field scale at the grassland site Oensingen previously converted from arable rotation. The site is located on the Swiss Central Plateau and consists of two parallel fields of equal size. One field was subjected to intensive management with average nitrogen input of 230 kg-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 4–5 cuts per year, and the other to an extensive management with no fertilisation and less frequent cutting. The total C budget of the fields was assessed by measuring the CO₂ exchange by eddy covariance and analysing the carbon import by manure application and export by harvest. The N budget of the managed grassland is more complex. Besides the management related import and export, it includes gaseous exchange in many different forms (NO, NO₂, HNO₃, N₂O, NH₃, N₂) needing different analytical techniques, as well as input by rain and leaching of N-compounds with the soil water. The main (“level-3”) field sites in the NitroEurope project are supposed to measure 95% of the N fluxes at the field scale. For several of the N fluxes specific measurements have been performed for 1 year or longer at the site. Some of the remaining N budget components (dry and wet deposition) could be estimated from results of a national deposition network, while other components (NH₃ and N₂ emission) were estimated based on literature parameterisations. However, we found indications that the (systematic) uncertainties of these estimated N-fluxes are large and that it is important to make site-specific measurement for all relevant budget components. The suitability of corresponding experimental methods is discussed.Analysis of the C budget over a 6-year period (2002–2007) showed a significant mean difference between the two newly established grassland fields with a likely net carbon loss for the extensive management and a net sequestration for the intensive management. Since the C/N ratio of the soil organic matter of the grassland is constrained in a rather narrow range around 9.3, the change in the soil carbon pool is supposed to be accompanied by a corresponding change in the N storage. This approach provided an alternative method to check the N budget of the two grassland fields derived from the individual N fluxes.     

环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常见问题探讨

针对环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常出现的问题,从仪器、废水中的乳化现象、分析试剂的精制、地表水采样、准确度分析、测油的危害及安全防护等多个方面进行探讨,并提出对策。     

遥感技术支持下的草地生态系统破坏经济损失评价

通过遥感数据分析反演,测算草地净初级生产力、草地植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀量等重要生态系统参数,进而计算草地生态系统有机物生产、营养物质循环、固碳释氧及水源涵养、土壤侵蚀损失量,再通过影子工程法、市场价值法等环境价值评估方法从以上5个方面评价草地生态系统破坏的经济损失.研究结果表明,2006年中国草地生态系统生态破坏损失为1...     

Conversion of the refractory ammonia and acetic acid in catalytic wet air oxidation of animal byproducts

Wet air oxidation (WAO) and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of slaughtered animal byproducts (ABPs) were investigated. Two step experiment was carried out consisting of a non-catalysedWAO run followed by a CWAO run at 170–275°C , 20 MPa, and reaction time 180 min. TheWAO (1st step) of sample (5 g/L total organic carbon (TOC)) yielded (82.0 4)% TOC removal and (78.4 13.2)% conversion of the initial organic-N into NH4 +-N. Four metal catalysts (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru) supported over alumina have been tested in catalytic WAO (2nd step) at elevated pH to enhance ammonia conversion and organic matter removal, particularly acetic acid. It was found that the catalysts Ru, Pt, and Rh had significant e ects on the TOC removal (95.1%, 99.5% and 96.7%, respectively) and on the abatement of ammonia (93.4%, 96.7% and 96.3%, respectively) with high nitrogen selectivity. The catalyst Pd was found to have the less activity while Pt had the best performance. The X-Ray di raction analysis showed that the support of catalyst was not stable under the experimental conditions since it reacted with phosphate present in solution. Nitrite and nitrate ions were monitored during the oxidation reaction and it was concluded that CWAO of ammonia in real waste treatment framework was in good agreement with the results obtained from the literature for ideal solutions of ammonia.     

关于天然草地土壤对CH_4吸收的研究

内蒙古锡盟太仆寺旗天然草地转变为农田后,不同农垦年限下,土壤特性对CH4的吸收有不同的影响。结果表明:天然草地转变为农田后,降低了土壤吸收CH4的能力,CH4的吸收量随开垦年限的增加而逐渐降低,但垦殖20年以上的农田土壤对CH4累积吸收量差异不明显。相关分析表明:土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量是影响土壤CH4吸收的主要因子。     

草地退化的因素和退化草地的恢复及其改良

草地退化是一个世界性的普遍问题。几乎所有的天然草原和人工草地,在利用不当时都可能出现这种现象。对草地退化的过程和原因比较复杂。草地生态系统的变化过程总是伴随着相关的地理、气候、土壤、灾害等各种自然因素的作用,有时一二种自然因素（如火或洪水）就可能造成生态系统的退化。所以对退化草地的恢复势在必行,本文着重对近几年较流行的退化草地的恢复方法进行了介绍。     

青藏铁路野生动物通道有效性分析

青藏高原野生动物种类独特。青藏铁路的建设,人为阻断了野生动物的迁徙和转移路径,特别是阻断了国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物——藏羚每年大规模往返迁徙的路径。为了沟通被分割的高原生境和野生动物迁徙路径,青藏铁路全线设置了桥梁下方、缓坡平交和隧道上方三种类型33处野生动物通道。2004年-2007年对野生动物通道的监测数据表明,三种类型的通道对沿线野生动物种群交流均起到了积极的作用。藏羚等野生动物已逐步熟悉和利用通道,并且对其利用率逐年上升,监测中未发现有藏羚迁徙被铁路阻隔的现象。     

影响动植物油测定因素的分析

随着经济的发展,生活水平的提高,动植物油的使用量日益增加。水体中动植物油的污染也日益加剧,准确测定水体中动植物油的含量显得十分重要。实验中用食用植物油配制标准样品按照红外分光光度法(GB/16488-1996)进行测定。在测定过程中从比色皿、硅酸镁、pH、分样、材质等几个角度进行讨论,以期改进测定过程,获得更加准确的测定结果。