巴彦淖尔盟草场资源开发利用中存在的生态环境问题及其对策

巴彦淖尔盟地区草场退化问题已十分严峻 ,本文分析了巴彦淖尔盟草场资源开发利用中存在的生态环境问题及其成因 ,并提出了解决问题的对策     

草原干旱对天然牧草生长发育及产量形成的影响

天然牧草是放牧畜牧业的主要物质基础 ,其生长动态和产量形成受气象条件的影响和制约 ,特别是水份条件在很大程度上决定着植物的地理分布和生物生产力水平。本文根据大气降水量及土壤水份条件与天然牧草生长动态及产量的关系 ,建立了天然牧草生长高度动态模式和草原初级气候生产力模式 ,以便进一步研究 ,为草原干旱的气候指标提供理论依据     

草原生态环境监测数据建库方法初探

该文系统地介绍了草原生态环境监测数据库的一般方法，在建立图像，图形，多媒体及数据子库的前提下，同时提出了宏观遥感监测数据与地面定位监测数据的结合方式，可操作性较强。     

新疆巴音布鲁克草原不同退化程度对土壤特性影响

以高寒草原巴音布鲁克草原为研究对象,通过对不同类型草场的草地利用方式、土壤退化程度和植被类型差异的调查,分析不同类型草场退化程度对土壤理化特性的影响,揭示植被和地表特征及草地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:高寒沼泽草场、高寒草原草场的草地利用方式合理,草地未退化,土壤养分含量高,植被状态良好,高寒草甸草场随放牧压力增大,生境退化程度加重,土壤退化程度加大,表现为土壤容重增大,含水率减少,土壤全磷和有机质浓度减少,植被盖度降低;不同类型草场退化程度与土壤容重、pH和水溶性盐浓度呈显著正相关,与含水率、全磷浓度、有机质浓度和植被盖度呈极显著负相关,与植被盖度相关系数高达-0.907,草场退化过程中土壤肥力因子与植被状态呈极显著正相关。     

Suitability of short or long conservation contracts under ecological and socio-economic uncertainty

Acquisition of land rights has become a primary tool used to protect terrestrial biodiversity. Fixed length contracts are often used when trying to secure conservation benefits on private land in agri-environment schemes and payment for environmental services schemes, but the duration of the conservation contracts used in different programmes varies. To date, very little research has been undertaken to determine the situations in which contracts of differing lengths are optimal or when conservation agencies or groups should use a portfolio of different contract lengths rather than relying on a single type. Using stochastic dynamic programming and related heuristic methods, we investigate how the choice between short or long conservation contracts is affected by uncertainty regarding the future availability of sites and their ecological condition. We also examine the benefits offered by using a portfolio of different contract lengths. Conservation agencies must pay private landowners a premium to secure longer agreements and because of this, shorter contracts are advantageous if sites are likely to remain available for conservation in the future. Long contracts are preferred when future site availability becomes more unlikely. In contrast to uncertainty over site availability, uncertainty over future ecological conditions has little effect on contract selection and only markedly influences the choice between short and long contracts when there is heterogeneity across sites in expected conservation outcomes and future availability of sites is also uncertain. Finally, when future site availability is unlikely, the use of a portfolio of short and long contracts would offer greater conservation gains than using either type in isolation, even though this option is not yet one that is commonly found in conservation practice.     

温度和氮素输入对青藏高原三种高寒草地土壤碳矿化的影响

选取了海北高寒草甸、那曲高寒草原和当雄高寒湿地3种典型高寒草地生态系统类型为研究对象,采集了表层0~10 cm土壤,在实验室内进行可控温度下的碳矿化培养实验。结果表明,青藏高原土壤碳矿化在不同高寒草地类型间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。在较低的温度下,高寒湿地土壤的碳矿化速率显著低于高寒草甸土壤,而温度在15℃左右时,高寒湿地土的碳矿化速率略高于高寒草甸土壤,当温度处于较高的水平时（〉20℃）,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化速率远高于高寒草甸土壤,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的Q10显著大于高寒草甸。无论是低温还是较高的温度,高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率最低,数值范围也最窄。高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化均受温度的显著影响（P≤0.05）,其速率均跟温度呈现一级指数函数方程关系,而高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率与温度间未呈现明显的函数关系,但不同温度间的土壤碳矿化速率存在显著差异。氮素输入对高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的影响不明显,但显著促进了高寒草原土壤碳矿化作用。     

风蚀条件下人类活动对高寒草地水分保持功能影响的定量模拟

青藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障,具有重要的水源涵养功能。高寒草地生态系统退化将严重地影响高原的水源涵养功能。为了定量研究人类活动对青藏高原高寒草地水分保持功能的影响,采用大型风洞实验,模拟人类不同的干扰方式和干扰程度对高寒草地土壤水分保持功能的影响。实验样品采自青藏高原三个草地类型:高寒草甸、草原化草甸和高寒草原。干扰方式包括破坏草地地上部分和根系,干扰程度包括轻干扰、中度干扰、重度干扰和全部破坏。实验结果表明,地上部分破坏后,土壤含水率均有下降,降幅分别为:QZ1为6.9%～9.2%、QZ2为6.8%～10.1%、QZ3为9%～10%;当根系遭到破坏后土壤含水率的降幅则分别为:QZ1为16%～30%,QZ2为17.25～32.1%,QZ3为22%～50%,显然,根系破坏后土壤含水率降幅远大于地表植被破坏后的情形。因此,植被根系是高寒草地水分保持功能的关键。随着干扰程度的加剧,土壤含水率在迅速下降。从试验模拟结果看,三个草地类型中土壤水分保持功能分别是高寒草甸>草原化草甸>高寒草原。     

西北地区草地旅游点的生态功能与建设方向——从青海高原都兰古王国墓葬群及其周围的原生态绿色魅力谈起

对青海省都兰县吐谷浑古王国墓葬群山谷地及其周围3 600 km2范围内生态环境进行考察后认为,完善的草地旅游应具有生态心理抚育、生态文化鉴赏、自然原生态的生理享有以及草地生态农业成就观光4个方面的生态功能.据此,提出了草地生态旅游的建设方向与建议.     

13C在草原土壤呼吸区分中的应用

区分草原土壤呼吸的主要目的在于准确估算草原生态系统土壤碳蓄积和碳源、 汇潜力,为预测气候变化提供科学依据。论文主要论述了稳定同位素¹³C在草原土壤呼吸区分方面的应用。主要在以下几个方面进行了阐述:①碳同位素区分土壤呼吸的两种主要标记方法——脉冲标记法和持续标记法,其中脉冲标记法包括单次脉冲标记法和重复脉冲标记法,持续标记法包括FACE实验标记法和¹³C自然丰度标记法,也介绍了利用核爆产生的¹⁴C标记;②应用碳稳定同位素区分土壤呼吸的理论依据和计算方法;③土壤呼吸稳定同位素组成的取样方法和测定,包括静态箱-Keeling Plot法、 静态箱平衡状态法和动态箱连接红外分析仪法等;④指出了减小静态箱-Keeling Plot法测定土壤呼吸碳同位素值的误差需采取的措施。     

Factors influencing the acceptance of nature conservation measures--a qualitative study in Switzerland

Landscapes fulfil a multitude of ecological and social functions. Due to the fact that both traditional and everyday landscapes today face many different threats, regulatory measures have been undertaken in many countries to protect and further sustainable landscape development. They include legislation as well as economic incentives. In recent years, however, it has become clear that just to have a few laws and to spend money on subsidies is not enough. Factors other than legislation are also essential to further the sustainable development of landscapes. One of the basic factors affecting the success or failure of landscape conservation measures is public acceptance of these measures. Our project took this as its starting point. The objective was to determine which conditions and factors influence acceptance positively or negatively. To this end 22 Swiss who are directly affected by nature conservation measures, in particular by mire landscape and dry meadow conservation measures, were interviewed using qualitative interview techniques. It is shown that perception, communication, and possibilities to participate are the most decisive driving factors influencing the formation of a long-lasting acceptance. Furthermore, acceptance may be based mainly on economic criteria, on usefulness, on ecological or even aesthetic aspects. It can be shown that not all of these motivations lead to a long-lasting acceptance. Ecologically based acceptance seems the most promising because it is founded on general convictions. Economic incentives--though important--seem to generate only superficial acceptance and do not seem to be as important as is usually assumed.