基于MODIS NPP的2006—2015年三江源区产草量时空变化研究

草地既是高原地区重要的生态屏障,也是维系当地人民生产生活的自然资源,准确估算本区域的产草量,可为区域资源开发利用、社会经济可持续发展决策提供科学参考。论文基于MODIS遥感影像获得不同分辨率的NDVI、EVI和NPP产品,结合三江源区监测点的产草量地面实测数据,利用统计分析方法分别建立多种产草量遥感估算模型。利用择优选取的估产模型进行区域适用性评价和模型反演,研究三江源区产草量在2006—2015年的时空分布情况。研究结果表明,基于MOD17A2H NPP的一元线性模型的估算精度相对较高,三江源区的产草量（单产）呈东多西少、自东南向西北逐渐减少的空间分布特点。2006—2013年的产草量（总量）整体呈上升趋势,2013年的产草量（总量）达到3 869.43×10⁴ t,产草量（总量）自2014年开始降低,2015产草量（总量）为2 069.07×10⁴ t。     

基于城市污水资源化的微藻筛选与污水预处理

利用城市污水培养微藻,可在实现污水无害化处理的同时,培养微藻回收生物质能源.污水为微藻的培养提供氮、磷等营养组分和所需水源.由于城市污水含有大量的微生物,成分复杂,且不同藻种对污水的适应性与耐受性不同,因此,需要筛选出适宜于城市污水培养和高效产脂的藻种,并研究城市污水预处理方式,以使预处理后的城市污水更适于微藻的生长与产脂.本文根据课题组前期获得的藻种在城市污水中的生长与产脂情况以及对污水的净化能力筛选出适宜于城市污水培养的藻种.其中斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)原始株与蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)离子诱变藻株生物质与油脂产量较高,经污水培养后油脂产量分别可达0.43 g·L~(-1)、0.33 g·L~(-1),且含有较多的C16~C18脂肪酸,适宜于生物柴油的制备,同时可使培养后污水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别达到86.4%、100%、94.3%、93.4%和81.8%、100%、94.9%、94.2%.对可规模化扩大的污水预处理方式进行研究,发现不同藻种所最适的污水预处理方式不同.对于耐污性能较强的斜生栅藻原始株,除去粗大悬浮物后的城市污水即可用于其培养.对于蛋白核小球藻诱变株,城市污水经沉淀、过滤联合预处理后适宜于其培养.     

基于污泥资源化利用的蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)培养研究

利用废水或者废弃物培养微藻,不仅可使废弃物得到合理利用,还可为微藻培养提供廉价原料.以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为研究对象,以污泥抽提液部分或全部替代SE(selenite enrichment)培养基,研究基于污泥资源化利用的微藻细胞培养方法.结果表明,当SE培养基与污泥抽提液比例为1∶9和2∶8时,相同条件下接种蛋白核小球藻培养14 d后,在波长为680 nm下其光密度分别为0.858和0.845,显著高于其它处理,当两者比例为0∶10和10∶0时,相应光密度分别为0.571和0.247.通过测定其色素和次生代谢产物含量时发现,当SE培养基与污泥抽提液比例为2∶8时,蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量最高.因此,剩余污泥抽提液可以部分作为培养蛋白核小球藻的良好基质,并且其培养效果明显优于其标准培养基.在本试验条件下,蛋白核小球藻培养的最佳条件是污泥抽提液比例为80%,该条件下蛋白核小球藻的生长状况较好,并且叶绿素与蛋白质含量最高.     

Assessment of the nitrogen and carbon budget of two managed temperate grassland fields

Greenhouse gas budgets as well as the productivity of grassland systems are closely related to the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. Within the framework of the CarboEurope and NitroEurope projects we have measured C and N exchange on the field scale at the grassland site Oensingen previously converted from arable rotation. The site is located on the Swiss Central Plateau and consists of two parallel fields of equal size. One field was subjected to intensive management with average nitrogen input of 230 kg-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 4–5 cuts per year, and the other to an extensive management with no fertilisation and less frequent cutting. The total C budget of the fields was assessed by measuring the CO₂ exchange by eddy covariance and analysing the carbon import by manure application and export by harvest. The N budget of the managed grassland is more complex. Besides the management related import and export, it includes gaseous exchange in many different forms (NO, NO₂, HNO₃, N₂O, NH₃, N₂) needing different analytical techniques, as well as input by rain and leaching of N-compounds with the soil water. The main (“level-3”) field sites in the NitroEurope project are supposed to measure 95% of the N fluxes at the field scale. For several of the N fluxes specific measurements have been performed for 1 year or longer at the site. Some of the remaining N budget components (dry and wet deposition) could be estimated from results of a national deposition network, while other components (NH₃ and N₂ emission) were estimated based on literature parameterisations. However, we found indications that the (systematic) uncertainties of these estimated N-fluxes are large and that it is important to make site-specific measurement for all relevant budget components. The suitability of corresponding experimental methods is discussed.Analysis of the C budget over a 6-year period (2002–2007) showed a significant mean difference between the two newly established grassland fields with a likely net carbon loss for the extensive management and a net sequestration for the intensive management. Since the C/N ratio of the soil organic matter of the grassland is constrained in a rather narrow range around 9.3, the change in the soil carbon pool is supposed to be accompanied by a corresponding change in the N storage. This approach provided an alternative method to check the N budget of the two grassland fields derived from the individual N fluxes.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

三江源区高寒草地生态研究进展

综述了三江源区高寒草地在种群生态、群落结构与特征、群落演替、高寒草地土壤及微生物、高寒草地分布与分类、高寒草地生态与气候背景等生态领域的研究现状,分析了目前三江源区高寒草地生态研究的局限性,展望了三江源区高寒草地生态研究的发展趋势。     

中国北方干旱-半干旱地区草地NH_3通量原位观测研究

NH3挥发是导致农业和畜牧业施肥中N素流失的主要途径之一。基于这一认识,人们推测NH3的释放也可能在干旱-半干旱地区天然草地氮素流失中起着重要作用。然而这方面的观测研究却十分有限。我国北方天然草地面积约150万平方千米,而且在干旱-半干旱过渡地区的草地中存在N相对于C不足的现象。认识NH3挥发在其中所起的作用对防治草地退化、保护干旱区生态环境安全具有重要意义。本文利用Thermo-Fisher公司生产的Model17iNOx-NH3分析仪和动态箱法对黄土高原西北部边缘和宁夏中东部地区,也即农牧过渡带地区在8～9月份的地-气NH3交换通量进行了观测研究,发现其通量昼夜变化存在多种类型,平均通量在-2～2g NH3/(m2.h)之间;在空间变化上,NH3的地-气交换在毛乌素沙地西侧表现为对大气NH3的净吸收,经黄土高原边缘和宁夏中东部的过渡,到宁夏南部的固原地区变化为草地NH3的净释放。这种草地NH3释放通量自北向南增加的现象主要是由于降水对土壤的湿润作用所致。干旱的环境条件使得水分超过了土壤pH和温度等众多影响因素而成为NH3挥发的主要限制因素。据此可以推测NH3挥发作用在我国北方自然草地N素流失中的作用可能较小,不可能是导致农牧交错地区土壤N素相对不足的原因。     

遥感技术支持下的草地生态系统破坏经济损失评价

通过遥感数据分析反演,测算草地净初级生产力、草地植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀量等重要生态系统参数,进而计算草地生态系统有机物生产、营养物质循环、固碳释氧及水源涵养、土壤侵蚀损失量,再通过影子工程法、市场价值法等环境价值评估方法从以上5个方面评价草地生态系统破坏的经济损失.研究结果表明,2006年中国草地生态系统生态破坏损失为1...     

关于天然草地土壤对CH_4吸收的研究

内蒙古锡盟太仆寺旗天然草地转变为农田后,不同农垦年限下,土壤特性对CH4的吸收有不同的影响。结果表明:天然草地转变为农田后,降低了土壤吸收CH4的能力,CH4的吸收量随开垦年限的增加而逐渐降低,但垦殖20年以上的农田土壤对CH4累积吸收量差异不明显。相关分析表明:土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量是影响土壤CH4吸收的主要因子。     

草地退化的因素和退化草地的恢复及其改良

草地退化是一个世界性的普遍问题。几乎所有的天然草原和人工草地,在利用不当时都可能出现这种现象。对草地退化的过程和原因比较复杂。草地生态系统的变化过程总是伴随着相关的地理、气候、土壤、灾害等各种自然因素的作用,有时一二种自然因素（如火或洪水）就可能造成生态系统的退化。所以对退化草地的恢复势在必行,本文着重对近几年较流行的退化草地的恢复方法进行了介绍。