Inventory and vertical migration of ¹³⁷Cs in Spanish mainland soils

In this study the total activity of ¹³⁷Cs deposited per unit area over the Spanish peninsular territory was analysed using a 150 × 150 km² mesh grid, with samples taken from 29 points. The deposited activities ranged between 251 and 6074 Bq/m². A linear relationship was obtained between these values and the mean annual rainfall at each sampling point which allowed a map to be drawn, using GIS software, which shows the distribution of total deposited ¹³⁷Cs activity across the Spanish mainland. At twelve of these sampling points the vertical migration profile of ¹³⁷Cs was obtained. These profiles are separated into two groups with different behaviour, one of which includes clay and loam soils and the other containing sandy soils. For both groups of profiles the parameters of the convective-diffusive model, which describes the vertical migration of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil, v (apparent convection velocity) and D (apparent diffusion coefficient) were calculated.     

Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress

The effect of nonylphenol (NP) on growth, photochemistry and biochemistry of two green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenanstrum capricornutum, and their ability to degrade NP were compared. The 96 h EC₅₀ of C. vulgaris and S. capricornutum were greater than 4.0 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ NP, respectively, suggesting that the former species was more tolerant to NP. Both microalgae acclimated to NP stress through down-regulating their photosynthetic activities, including antenna size (chlorophyll a content), maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the light absorbed by PSII (ABS/CS₀), but the dissipation of energy from reaction centres (DI₀/RC) increased with the increase of NP concentrations. In C. vulgaris, the changes of these parameters were more significant than in S. capricornutum and recovered completely after a 96 h exposure. The antioxidant responses, such as GSH content, CAT and POD activities in C. vulgaris increased with the increase of NP concentrations after a 24 h exposure, but these changes disappeared with exposure time and recovered to the control levels after 96 h. In S. capricornutum, although GSH content, CAT and POD activities also increased when exposed to low- to moderate-NP concentrations, these values were significantly reduced at a high concentration (4 mg L⁻¹) even after a 96 h exposure, indicating its antioxidant responses were significantly delayed. It is clear that the more NP-tolerant species, C. vulgaris, acclimated better with a faster recovery of its photosynthetic activity from the NP-induced damage, and exhibited more efficient and rapid responses to NP-induced oxidative stress. C. vulgaris also had a higher NP degradation ability than S. capricornutum.     

基于ASR的呼叫中心系统设计与可靠性研究

本文以IT运行维护的故障申报系统为例,介绍如何利用Nuance Recognizer9.0自动语音识别系统和东进D081A模拟中继语音卡电话处理系统设计基于ASR(自动语音识别)的呼叫中心。文中不仅介绍了设计过程中的各个关键环节,而且对该系统的可靠性进行了深入讨论。其中包括如何合理设计语法文件以提高语音识别率;如何在系统运行期间进行同步保障,使系统逐步趋于完善。     

Fish Migration, Dams, and Loss of Ecosystem Services in the Mekong Basin

The past decade has seen increased international recognition of the importance of the services provided by natural ecosystems. It is unclear however whether such international awareness will lead to improved environmental management in many regions. We explore this issue by examining the specific case of fish migration and dams on the Mekong river. We determine that dams on the Mekong mainstem and major tributaries will have a major impact on the basin’s fisheries and the people who depend upon them for food and income. We find no evidence that current moves towards dam construction will stop, and consider two scenarios for the future of the fisheries and other ecosystems of the basin. We conclude that major investment is required in innovative technology to reduce the loss of ecosystem services, and alternative livelihood strategies to cope with the losses that do occur.     

持久性有机污染物的环境分布与生物危害

介绍了国内外持久性有机物的研究进展,分析了中国典型地区中的持久性有机污染物的分布情况,其中淮河中下游的PAHs含量较高,而大连湾检测出的DDTs和PCBs含量均高于其他地区。持久性有机污染物可以在动植物体内不断富集,据分析,有机污染物在鱼类的富集因子可高达1124．1,持久性有机污染物通过食物链的富集逐级放大,对全球生态构成潜在巨大的威胁。近年来,由于持久性有机污染物的影响,在世界各地出现了动物的死亡、甚至灭绝的现象,而且有机污染物在人体内的蓄积,会对人体产生极大的的影响。最后,就当前存在的问题,提出了对策与建议,指出了该领域的发展方向。     

基于重力加载比例法的岩质边坡稳定性分析

根据岩质边坡的稳定性主要由边坡内部的结构面所控制的特点,采用有限元重力加载比例法对含有一组平行节理面和含两组节理面的岩质边坡进行数值模拟,分析表明:与强度折减法相比,采用有限元重力加载比例法能更加快速地计算出岩质边坡的安全系数,节省计算耗时和人工干预的工作量,并能通过塑性应变的发展分析其破坏过程,确定潜在的滑动面。     

A comparison between superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powders on fire suppression effectiveness

The effectiveness of superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powder in fire suppression were compared in a laboratory-scale, immovable fire suppression apparatus. The investigation focused on their suppression effectiveness under various pressures. It likewise studied the relationship between the powders’ surface structures and their effectiveness on fire suppression. The microcosmic structure of the powders was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA) technique was used to analyze the thermal behavior of the superfine magnesium hydroxide powders. By analyzing the results, it could be concluded that the pressure, the particle size, and the microcosmic structure of the powders’ surface mainly decide the capability of the powders to extinguish the fire. Comparing this with commercial dry powders, superfine magnesium hydroxide powders extinguished the fire in less than 10 s.     

Particle concentrations in data centers

Cooling buildings with large airflow rates of outside air when temperatures are favorable is an established energy-saving measure. In data centers, this strategy is not widely used, owing to concerns that it would cause increased indoor levels of particles of outdoor origin, which could damage electronic equipment. However, environmental conditions typical of data centers and the associated potential for equipment failure are not well characterized. This study presents the first published measurements of particle concentrations in operating data centers. Indoor and outdoor particle measurements were taken at eight different sites in northern California for particulate matter 0.3–5.0 μm in diameter. One of the data centers has an energy-efficient design that employs outside air for cooling, while the rest use conventional cooling methods. Ratios of measured particle concentrations in the conventional data centers to the corresponding outside concentrations were significantly lower than those typically found in office or residential buildings. Estimates using a material-balance model match well with empirical results, indicating that the dominant particle sources and losses have been identified. Measurements taken at the more energy-efficient site show nearly an order of magnitude increase in particle concentration when ventilation rates were high. The model indicates that this increase may be even higher when including particles smaller than the monitoring-equipment size limitation. Even with the increases, the measured particle concentrations are still below concentration limits recommended in industry standards.     

Nonparametric Monte Carlo Simulation for Flood Frequency Curve Derivation: An Application to a Korean Watershed1

Abstract: A mix of causative mechanisms may be responsible for flood at a site. Floods may be caused because of extreme rainfall or rain on other rainfall events. The statistical attributes of these events differ according to the watershed characteristics and the causes. Traditional methods of flood frequency analysis are only adequate for specific situations. Also, to address the uncertainty of flood frequency estimates for hydraulic structures, a series of probabilistic analyses of rainfall‐runoff and flow routing models, and their associated inputs, are used. This is a complex problem in that the probability distributions of multiple independent and derived random variables need to be estimated to evaluate the probability of floods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a flood frequency curve derivation method driven by multiple random variables and to develop a tool that can consider the uncertainties of design floods. This study focuses on developing a flood frequency curve based on nonparametric statistical methods for the estimation of probabilities of rare floods that are more appropriate in Korea. To derive the frequency curve, rainfall generation using the nonparametric kernel density estimation approach is proposed. Many flood events are simulated by nonparametric Monte Carlo simulations coupled with the center Latin hypercube sampling method to estimate the associated uncertainty. This study applies the methods described to a Korean watershed. The results provide higher physical appropriateness and reasonable estimates of design flood.     

烧结机头电除尘器的特点及选型探讨

随着烧结工艺的发展，排放标准的提高，对机头电除尘器的要求越来越严格。然而高碱度烧结和高负压操作法等生产工艺却对机头电除尘器造成严重影响。本文针对烧结机头电除尘器的烟气、烟尘特点，充分讨论机头电除尘器在选型时应该考虑的几个问题，以满足机头工艺除尘的要求，以达到净化烟气的目的。