地层对四氯化碳迁移影响的实验研究

四氯化碳（CT）在地下水中是一种持久性的有机污染物（POPs）,工业污水和残留在土壤中的CT一旦进入地下含水层,会长期影响人类的用水安全。了解土壤对CT的去除效能,以及CT在地层中的迁移规律,可以为地下水污染的风险评估和修复治理提供依据。为了研究CT在不同岩性地层中的运移规律,通过批量振荡平衡实验,对CT在地层中的吸附...     

玉溪市中心城区大气污染分析及防治对策探讨

利用玉溪市环境监测站2006～2010年监测结果,用在执行标准和新颁布标准对中心城区环境空气质量现状及其变化趋势进行评价,从气象、地形、工业结构和排放量等四个方面对环境空气污染的成因进行分析研究,提出相关的建议。     

我国河流湖泊砷污染研究进展

对我国14个省27处河流湖泊砷污染现状进行了归纳,认为我国河流湖泊砷污染严重,大部分水系中砷含量超过世界淡水砷背景值,最高达到1.9mg/L;水体表层底泥中砷含量范围为4.0～980.6mg/kg,44.5%的水体底泥属于中度及以上砷污染水平,矿业活动是导致砷污染的重要原因之一。在分析河流和湖泊中砷存在形态的基础上,简要探讨了砷的迁移转化过程及影响因素,我国水系表层沉积物中的砷以残渣态为主。比较了6种水体除砷方法,认为土壤法处理云南砷污染地表水更符合廉价、高效的原位修复技术要求。认为未来应加强对沉积物中砷形态的研究,并对河流和湖泊等地表水中砷的迁移转化做出系统的解释。     

三江平原典型灌区井灌地下水中铁的随水迁移特征

以三江平原典型水稻灌区———黑龙江省农垦总局建三江分局为例,系统调查了该区地下水的铁含量特征,并具体分析了铁通过井灌从地下水进入晒水池、稻田,再通过排水进入多等级沟渠系统的季节迁移过程及铁在相应沉积物或土壤中的分布特征.结果表明,研究区地下水总铁质量浓度为(1.73±0.41)mg.L-1,最大值为11.4 mg.L-1,最小值0.01 mg.L-1,变异系数1.29%.根据2010年水稻种植面积和当地实行的每亩额定灌水量推算,从地下进入稻田和其它地表水体中的铁可达4 976.40 t.溶解性Fe2+、溶解性Fe3+、溶解性铁和总铁都具有明显的季节变化(6、7月较高),且沿水流方向以稻田积水中的含量较高.晒水池和稻田对地下水铁的富集效应明显,二者的总铁质量浓度分别达到地下水的6.17和21.65倍.晒水池沉积物的总铁含量显著高于稻田、农渠和干渠(浓江河).不同氧化铁形态中,仍以晒水池沉积物中各形态铁氧化物的含量较高,而稻田土壤、农渠和干渠沉积物之间没有显著性差异.三江平原典型灌区地下水中的铁通过井灌进入地表水体中,大部分被蓄积在晒水池和稻田中,仅有少部分随稻田退水进入沟渠网,并逐级沉淀在稻田和沟渠沉积物中.铁在随水迁移过程中除了总量变化外,还伴随着种类和形态的转化,这些变化直接受水稻灌溉管理方式的影响,具有明显的季节特征.长期井灌或将导致铁在稻田土壤和沟渠沉积物中的富集,具有潜在的污染风险.     

Screening and characterization of extremophiles in spacecraft assembly environment北大核心CSCD

Spacecrafts need to strictly control microorganisms before entering space flight. The Spacecraft Assembly, Integration, and Test Center (AITC) is an important environmental source for spacecrafts to carry microorganisms. The assembly clean room has characteristics of ventilation, dryness, and lack of nutrients that are not conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, except for extremophiles. In this study, based on the internal air and surface environment of the AITC in China, 13 strains of bacteria were identified by plate culture and 16S sequence analysis, and their extreme environmental tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and film-forming ability were tested. All these bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, and nine strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. All 13 strains of bacteria were salt-tolerant, acid-tolerant, and alkali-tolerant, and 69.2% of the bacteria survived heat shock at 80 ℃. Among these, one strain of Sphingomonas sp. JCM7513 isolated from the surface environment was insensitive to all the tested antibiotics and had strong drug resistance, while the other 12 strains were sensitive to most β-lactam antibiotics but had strong resistance to tetracyclic antibiotics and erythromycin. Most of the isolated bacteria exhibited strong biofilm-forming abilities. The study showed that there are a certain number of extremophiles in the spacecraft assembly environment. To protect spacecrafts from biological corrosion and planetary protection forward pollution, more effective monitoring and elimination methods are needed. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

青藏高原农牧业生态风险时空变化特征与分区防控

青藏高原地区是我国重要的生态安全屏障、战略资源储备基地,农牧业是青藏高原涵盖范围最广的产业,明晰其生态风险对实现青藏高原农牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。构建了青藏高原农牧业生态风险评价体系,并以216个县域为评价单元,分析1990—2015年农牧业开发综合生态风险的时空分布及其重心转移规律,并结合区域农牧业开发强度实现农牧业生态风险权衡分区。结果表明：（1）青藏高原综合生态风险总体有上升趋势,呈“东部多核聚集、西部零星散列”的分布格局。（2）风险重心向西北方向移动,风险主趋势方向转为西北—东南走向。（3）青藏高原限制开发区面积占比最大为50.84%,其次为发展预警区与自然恢复区,青藏高原整体农牧业开发强度较高,应在保障高原生态安全屏障功能的情况下减缓农牧业开发。针对区域特征提出农牧业发展方案,以期为青藏高原地区农牧业开发生态风险防范及发展规划提供科学指引。     

施用不同来源粪肥对土壤中抗生素淋溶的影响

含有抗生素的粪肥进入农田土壤中对土壤生态系统和水体环境产生危害,同时也会造成抗生素耐药性的传播,对环境安全和人体健康存在威胁.本研究采用土柱淋溶法,以添加四环素类抗生素（四环素、土霉素和金霉素）的猪粪（PM-T）、牛粪（CM-T）、鸡粪（CHM-T）及空白处理（CK-T）为实验组,未添加抗生素的处理为对照组,研究了模拟淋溶条件下施用不同来源粪肥对土壤理化指标和细菌丰度的影响,阐述不同处理四环素类抗生素的迁移规律.结果表明,相比于CHM-T和CM-T处理组,四环素类抗生素更容易在PM-T处理中累积,残留量为0.90~6.91 mg·kg^-1,明显高于其他处理（0.33~4.42 mg·kg^-1）;相比于表层土壤（0~4 cm）,四环素类抗生素在下层土壤（16~24 cm）的浓度更高.PM-T处理土壤中TN和NH₄⁺-N含量分别增加44 mg·kg^-1和14.11 mg·kg^-1,明显高于其他处理.在抗生素的抑制作用下土壤中细菌丰度减少,PM-T处理土壤中的细菌丰度降低39.66%,高于其他添加抗生素处理组（12.38%~35.26%）.CHM-T处理中抗生素更容易从土壤中淋出,淋出总量为9.91 mg,明显高于其他粪肥处理组（P<0.05）.TN、NH₄⁺-N、四环素、土霉素和金霉素等指标为第一主成分因子,解释量为54.55%,其土壤中的含量与土层深度正相关.总结得出,以猪粪为原料的粪肥处理中四环素类抗生素更容易累积在土壤中,特别是土壤下层,同时更容易造成土壤中微生物环境的改变;而以鸡粪为原料的粪肥施用后抗生素更容易淋出土壤,增加水体污染的风险.     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

不同水力扰动强度对老化PSMPs在泥水两相间迁移的影响

以太湖为研究对象,针对老化聚苯乙烯微塑料（PSMPs）,探讨了水力扰动强度对PSMPs在泥水两相间的迁移过程,并通过FTIR和SEM-EDS等微观表征手段对PSMPs的形貌和元素等进行表征.结果发现,扰动条件下(55r·min^-1和120r·min^-1),上覆水中悬浮物（SS）和PSMPs均高于对照实验.这是缘于无扰动条件下,PSMPs受浮力影响,团聚在水面.在低强度(55r·min^-1)扰动下,上覆水中SS和PSMPs分别为（264.67±16.01）mg·L^-1和（239.67±6.51）n·mL^-1,而高强度(120r·min^-1)扰动下,上覆水中SS和PSMPs分别为（264.67±16.01）mg·L^-1和（239.67±6.51）n·mL^-1.在底泥中,PSMPs分别为（491.00±23.46）mg·L^-1和2.00n·mL^-1.且根据SEM-EDS分析,...     

基于农户意愿的脆弱生态区生态补偿模式研究——以鄱阳湖区为例

脆弱生态区生态补偿政策的制定和实施需要充分考虑农户的受偿意愿和家庭生计。论文以鄱阳湖区为例,采用实地问卷调查方法获取农户受偿意愿数据,然后通过Logistic方法建立了农户受偿意愿与单位耕地产值之间的关系。根据目前生态补偿措施实施效果与存在问题,提出了基于农户意愿的分别以耕地、 劳动力转移和生产结构调整为主要补偿对象的三种典型生态补偿模式。利用回归分析和年龄移算法,对湖区未来20 a三种生态补偿模式下的退田还湖生态补偿总额变化过程进行详细模拟分析。结果表明,生产结构调整补偿模式较其他两种模式具有明显的优势,不仅为高效利用国家补偿资金提供了有效途径,还能充分发挥当地政府的积极性,为农业劳动力提供就业机会。