Pattern of lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers, 1998–2006

The purpose of this study was to describe a large number of lionfish envenomations reported to poison control centers. Cases were lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers during 1998–2006. The distribution of cases was determined for selected parameters. A total of 188 cases were identified. Of the cases with a known location of envenomation, 94% involved the finger or hand. The patient was male in 72% of the cases, and the mean age was 32 years (range 4–65 years). The most frequently reported adverse clinical effects were dermal pain (89%) and a puncture or wound (66%). The most commonly reported treatments were immersion in hot water (84%) and tetanus antitoxin/status (48%). Patients with lionfish envenomations reported to Texas poison control centers were most often adults and males. The reported adverse clinical effects were typical of lionfish envenomations, and the treatments were generally consistent with the recommended guidelines.     

城市扩展下大气污染物浓度的空间格局变化趋势研究--以乌鲁木齐市为例

城市环境污染是由于人类的生产和生活活动造成,而不断的城市扩展势必导致环境污染物浓度的空间变化。乌鲁木齐市作为中国西部的内陆城市,由于特殊的地理位置和能源结构,在发展经济的同时也造成了严重的大气环境污染,也给人们的生产生活带来了严重的影响。为了治理污染当地政府采取了一系列措施。分析了2004-2009年城市3个不同区域（市南区、市中区和市北区）大气环境质量监测点位的数据,研究了在城市不断扩展的前提下,污染物浓度在空间上的迁徙变化趋势。结果表明,PM10、SO2和NO2污染最严重的时段均出现在冬季采暖期（12月至来年1月）,主要是因为采暖消耗大量原煤和高逆温频率所致。其峰值分别达到0.379、0.510、0.120 mg·m-3。随着城市空间结构的不断北扩,PM10和SO2的浓度呈现出向北迁徙的趋势,原本污染最严重的市南区浓度逐步下降,而市北区呈现出不断增加的态势。NO2浓度则表现出不断南迁的趋势,即原本 NO2浓度高的市北区变化不大,而市南区和市中区则呈现出快速增加的态势。说明大气环境中的污染物浓度随着城市空间结构的调整和人类活动频率的不断增加,正发生着空间上迁徙变化。由于污染排放源的差异性,导致大气污染物浓度在空间上的不同。通过分析得出,乌鲁木齐市的大气环境污染主要是“煤烟型”污染,随着产业的空间分布和城市的扩展,污染物浓度在空间上呈现出了不同的迁徙变化特征,是今后城市发展和环境治理值得关注的问题。     

Co在某极低放废物填埋场土壤中的迁移行为初步研究

选择某拟建填埋场土壤为研究对象,研究Co在土壤中的静态分配试验和动态迁移,以评价场址的安全性。结果表明:初始质量浓度为5 mg/L时,Co的Kd值为753 mL/g,土壤对Co的吸附模式符合Freundlich模式;核素初始质量浓度的升高导致静态试验Kd值增大;静态试验与动态试验的相互印证说明,可以通过动态试验较好地预测核素在极低放填埋场中的迁移速度;Co在该土壤中的迁移速度小于0.24 m/a,Co在进入地表水前已经衰变至非常低的水平,不会对生物圈造成污染。     

台湾集集7.6级强震前粤东地区的重力中短期异常

基于广东东部地区流动重力观测资料,分析了1999年台湾集集7.6级地震前后重力场的时空动态演化过程,发现1996年起出现的群体性重力测值偏离长趋势的变化,可视为7.6级地震前中期异常的开始,而1998年中出现的反向变化则是中期异常向短期异常的转折。作为强震前的远场重力异常,其时间、空间变化表现出的不一致和非均匀性变化形态,可能主要与测区内不同断层在区域应力场和震源应力场共同作用下产生的局部形变不同有关。     

Characteristics of Important Stopover Locations for Migrating Birds: Remote Sensing with Radar in the Great Lakes Basin

Abstract:  A preliminary stage in developing comprehensive conservation plans involves identifying areas used by the organisms of interest. The areas used by migratory land birds during temporal breaks in migration (stopover periods) have received relatively little research and conservation attention. Methodologies for identifying stopover sites across large geographic areas have been, until recently, unavailable. Advances in weather-radar technology now allow for evaluation of bird migration patterns at large spatial scales. We analyzed radar data (WSR-88D) recorded during spring migration in 2000 and 2001 at 6 sites in the Great Lakes basin (U.S.A.). Our goal was to link areas of high migrant activity with the land-cover types and landscape contexts corresponding to those areas. To characterize the landscapes surrounding stopover locations, we integrated radar and land-cover data within a geographic information system. We compared landscape metrics within 5 km of areas that consistently hosted large numbers of migrants with landscapes surrounding randomly selected areas that were used by relatively few birds during migration. Concentration areas were characterized by 1.2 times more forest cover and 9.3 times more water cover than areas with little migrant activity. We detected a strong negative relationship between activity of migratory birds and agricultural land uses. Examination of individual migration events confirmed the importance of fragments of forested habitat in highly altered landscapes and highlighted large concentrations of birds departing from near-shore terrestrial areas in the Great Lakes basin. We conclude that conservation efforts can be more effectively targeted through intensive analysis of radar imagery.     

污泥焚烧过程中Pb的迁移行为及吸附脱除

在一维固定燃烧炉上进行了城市污水污泥层燃模拟实验,重点研究了不同焚烧工况条件下重金属Pb的迁移行为和形态转化特征,并利用4种固体吸附剂(CaO、Al2O3、粉煤灰和高岭土)对污泥焚烧过程中Pb的排放进行脱除,同时把结果与热力学模型计算进行了对比. 热力学平衡计算得到污泥焚烧过程中Pb主要以PbO(g)形式挥发,当氯化物存在时,Pb主要以PbCl2(g)形式挥发,并且Cl有促进Pb挥发的趋势;当硫化物存在时,Pb主要以PbSO4(s)形式存在,阻滞了Pb的挥发;固体吸附剂Al2O3、SiO2、CaO的加入有稳定的(PbO)(Al2O3)(s)、PbSiO3(s)和CaPbO4(s)化合物生成,延缓了PbO(g)生成温度,并且Al2O3对Pb脱除效果优于SiO2和CaO. 焚烧实验得到,随着焚烧温度的升高,焚烧底渣中Pb的残留量有减小趋势,并且底渣中Pb的易还原态比例逐渐增加,残渣态比例有下降趋势;焚烧时间的延长,对焚烧过程中Pb的挥发影响不大,但底渣中Pb的残渣态比例有所减小.焚烧过程中水分的增加导致Pb的氯化态向氧化态转变,阻滞了Pb的氯化物挥发,而空气过剩系数的增加,导致Pb的残留率下降.污泥焚烧过程中固体吸附剂CaO、Al2O3、粉煤灰和高岭土的加入有利于Pb的残留并固定在焚烧底渣中,从控制Pb挥发角度来看,CaO及Al2O3的效果要优于粉煤灰和高岭土.     

Looking forward: Disasters at 40

This paper reflects on contemporary studies of and responses to disasters, highlighting the importance of historical, spatial, and intersectional modes of analysis, and draws on the author's ongoing research on Southern‐led and local community responses to displacement in the Middle East. Acknowledging the plurality of ‘international communities of response’, it begins by critiquing the depiction of selected responses to disasters as ‘positive’ ‘paradigm shifts’, including in reference to the ‘localisation of aid, and the United Nations’ Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan for Syria. Next it turns to three key themes that are central to disasters studies: migration; forced displacement; and Southern‐led responses to disasters. Among other things, the paper argues that exploring the principles and modalities of South–South cooperation, rather than promoting the incorporation of Southern actors into the ‘international humanitarian system’ via the localisation agenda, presents a critical opportunity for studies of and responses to disasters.     

纳米银的迁移转化对环境微生物毒性的影响

纳米银(AgNPs)因其优越的抗菌、导电、催化等性能,被广泛应用于工业领域和日常生活中,成为当前产量和用量最高的纳米材料之一。但纳米银产品在生产、运输、洗涤、侵蚀、废弃的过程中,不可避免地会被释放到自然环境中。在复杂环境因素影响下,纳米银本身的赋存状态发生转化,并对生态环境构成严重威胁。因此,探究纳米银在环境中的迁移转化过程及其对生态环境的潜在风险成为相关领域的研究热点。针对纳米银研究现状中存在的不足,综述了天然有机质、pH值、溶解氧、离子强度、光照等环境因素对纳米银迁移转化行为以及其对微生物毒性效应的影响,并进一步深入探讨了纳米银的毒理机制,旨在为纳米银的环境行为特征研究以及风险评估提供理论基础。     

铁钛共掺杂氧化铝诱发表面双反应中心催化臭氧化去除水中污染物

多相催化臭氧化技术因能有效去除水中有机污染物而受到广泛关注.然而,基于单一位点氧化还原的金属氧化物催化臭氧化过程存在速率限制步骤,使活性受到抑制,极大地限制了多相催化臭氧化技术的实际应用.为解决这一瓶颈,以过渡金属物种Fe和Ti对金属氧化物γ-Al₂O₃基底进行晶格掺杂制备出新型双反应中心催化剂FT-A-1 DRCs.通过XRD、TEM和XPS等技术对其形貌结构和化学组成进行了表征分析,证明Fe和Ti对于Al的晶格取代,形成表面贫富电子微区（富电子Fe微中心和缺电子Ti微中心）.FT-A-1 DRCs被用于催化臭氧化过程,对布洛芬等一系列难降解有机污染物的去除表现出优异的活性和稳定性.利用EPR和电化学技术揭示了界面反应机制.发现在催化臭氧化过程中,O₃/H₂O在富电子微中心被定向还原产生·OH,而污染物可在缺电子微中心作为电子供体而被氧化,为反应体系持续提供电子.这一反应过程利用污染物自身的能量实现了污染物的双途径降解（·OH攻击和直接电子供体）,突破了金属氧化物催化臭氧化过程存在速率限制步骤.     

高效反渗透工艺处理电厂废水

采用“机械加速澄清—重力式过滤—离子交换—除碳—高效反渗透” 工艺处理某电厂废水,将反渗透产水作为冷却塔补水。运行结果表明：弱酸阳离子交换器出水碱度≤0.10 mmol/L、硬度≤0.02 mmol/L、浊度≤0.2 NTU,满足高效反渗透对进水水质的要求;高效反渗透产水浊度<0.1 NTU,COD_Mn≤0.08 mg/L,硬度≤1.12 mg/L,碱度≤8.40 mg/L,ρ（总铁）<10 μg/L,ρ（总硅）<0.5 mg/L,电导率<45 μS/cm,出水水质满足回用要求。针对该系统存在的自用水率高、过滤器污堵以及水量不平衡等问题提出了相应的建议。