Identifying sources of soil inorganic pollutants on a regional scale using a multivariate statistical approach: role of pollutant migration and soil physicochemical properties

Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of four components related to pollutant sources on the total variation in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Hg, Fe and Mn in surface soil samples from a valley in east China with numerous copper and zinc smelters. Results indicate that when carrying out source identification of inorganic pollutants their tendency to migrate in soils may result in differences between the pollutant composition of the source and the receptor soil, potentially leading to errors in the characterization of pollutants using multivariate statistics. The stability and potential migration or movement of pollutants in soils must therefore be taken into account. Soil physicochemical properties may offer additional useful information. Two different mechanisms have been hypothesized for correlations between soil heavy metal concentrations and soil organic matter content and these may be helpful in interpreting the statistical analysis.     

包气带水气二相流CO2运移规律

利用土柱实验装置模拟CO₂在土壤中的迁移转化规律,重点研究湿润峰处水、气二相间污染物转化实验土柱长1m,过饱和CO2溶液浓度为748mg/L.分析表明水相运移受对流、弥散、反应及水-气质量传输机制控制,气相运移受对流、扩散和水-气质量传输机制控制.对土柱中水气二相动态条件下的取样方法进行了探索,确定了CO₂在渗透湿润峰水-气二相间分配系数为0.00061,表明水相向气相有一定传输,但不显著.可进一步为低中水平放射性废物地质处置安全评价及固体废物填埋处置环境影响评价提供定量科学依据.     

羌塘高原水资源及其开发利用

地跨西藏、新疆、青海3省（区）的羌塘高原是我国青藏高原的主体部分,平均海拔5000m以上,总面积71.6×10⁴km²,占我国陆地面积的7.5％。整个高原严寒干燥,湖泊众多,河流短小,冰川发育,是世界上待开发的一块最高最新的内陆大高原。现有地表、地下迳流约236.15×10⁸m³,水质符合饮用与灌溉要求。但目前基本流入湖泊后破蒸发,如果大量开发迳流势必破坏水循环规律,人为地加速湖泊的消亡。为解决今后工农牧业用水,只能千方百计减少蒸发,取得可利用水量,达到发展经济维持生态平衡的目的。     

丁基黄药对选矿区土壤吸附铅镉的影响

选矿废水排放和尾矿库溢流等会将大量残留的选矿药剂带入选矿区周边土壤和水环境.采用批处理实验,研究了不同pH、初始丁基黄药（PBX）、Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度下,PBX对某铅锌选矿区土壤吸附Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的影响;并通过BCR连续提取,研究了不同浓度PBX处理后土壤中铅镉形态变化.结果表明,PBX明显抑制了土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附.PBX浓度为40mg·L^-1时,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附量分别由未经PBX处理时的3540 mg·kg^-1和387mg·kg^-1降至3085 mg·kg^-1和100mg·kg^-1.无论是否添加PBX,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学模型拟合,表明Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤上的吸附是以化学吸附为主.PBX与Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺形成疏水性难溶络合物以及在土壤表面存在竞争吸附是降低土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附量的主要原因,表明PBX能增加Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤中的迁移性.PBX对土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附的抑制作用随初始Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度的增大而减弱,随初始PBX浓度及溶液pH值的增大而加强,Freundlich方程能较好描述其等温吸附特征.低含量PBX （100mg·kg^-1）下土壤中可交换态和可还原态镉含量有所增加,可导致土壤中镉的活化;但PBX可降低土壤中可交换态和可还原态铅含量,且随PBX含量升高,铅活性降低效果越显著,这与Pb （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂的络合能力比Cd （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂强有关.研究结果表明应加强选矿废水中残留药剂对土壤中铅镉等重金属潜在生态风险的防控.     

赤泥中氟的赋存状态

采用连续化学提取方法对赤泥中各形态的氟进行了提取,并对不同形态氟的迁移规律进行了研究.结果显示.从赤泥中可提取出五种形态的氟,即水溶态氟、可交换态氟、铁锰结合态氟、有机束缚态氟及残余态氟,其中残余态氟所占的比例最大,含量在60%～90%之间,然后依次是水溶态氟、可交换态氟、铁锰结合态氟、有机束缚态氟;赤泥的可给态氟化物(水溶态氟和可交换态氟)输出能力较强,对地下水影响较大,随着堆积时间的延长,赤泥的总氟含量有所降低,但可给态氟化物输出能力非但不减反而增强,赤泥堆放场对地下水的影响主要取决于赤泥中水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量的高低.     

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating their population size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence‐background (i.e., presence‐only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine‐resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine‐resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate‐based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2–58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘地层水化学特征与油气关系研究

准噶尔盆地西北缘分为超覆尖灭带、断阶带、斜坡区。本文讨论了不同区带地层水化学特征及其与油气运移聚集的关系。研究结果表明 ,高、过成熟阶段烃源岩生成的轻质油气在其运移聚集过程中 ,伴生的CO2 进入地层水中 ,在一定条件下会形成高矿化度NaHCO3 型地层水 ,而以高矿化度NaHCO3 型地层水为底水的油藏 ,原油密度较轻 ,为轻质原油。在近断层处 ,中、高矿化度的MgCl2 、Ns2 SO4 型地层水 ,可作为油气水沿断裂运移的证据。     

滆湖磷迁移模型方程的重新推导——兼与《滆湖磷迁移模型的研究》一文作者商榷

根据物质平衡原理对ｇｅ湖磷迁移模型方程进行推导、旨在与《环境科学学报》１９９８年１期发表的“ｇｅ湖磷迁移模型的研究”一文的作者进行商榷。     

煤中镍的研究进展

镍是煤中毒害性元素之一,燃煤过程中镍对大气、水、土壤、生物的危害性是不可低估的。本文综述了镍的地球化学特征,以及煤中镍的分布、赋存状态与迁移规律。