磷和硅对土壤-烟草系统中铅迁移的影响

为探究降低土壤铅活性与烟叶铅含量的有效措施,采用盆栽法研究施磷、施硅及磷硅配施对铅在土壤-烟草系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,在非根际土壤中,施磷使土壤可交换态和碳酸盐结合态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态铅转化,施硅使土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态铅转化,磷硅配施使土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态及残渣态铅转化。与CK相比,施磷、施硅及磷硅配施使根际土壤可交换态铅含量分别降低46.05%、14.24%和48.76%,使烟草铅总吸收量分别降低44.02%、44.04%和65.65%,使烟叶铅含量分别降低63.06%、60.37%和83.24%。施磷可通过降低土壤中铅向根部迁移的移动指数(IM,土-根)和根部向茎部迁移的移动指数(IM,根-茎)来抑制土壤中铅向叶部的迁移;施硅及磷硅配施可通过降低IM,土-根、IM,根-茎和茎部铅向叶部迁移的移动指数(IM,茎-叶)来抑制土壤中铅向叶部的迁移。施磷和施硅是降低烟叶铅含量的有效措施,且配施效果更佳。     

Joint Effects of Inbreeding and Local Adaptation on the Evolution of Genetic Load after Fragmentation

Abstract: Disruption of gene flow among demes after landscape fragmentation can facilitate local adaptation but increase the effect of genetic drift and inbreeding. The joint effects of these conflicting forces on the mean fitness of individuals in a population are unknown. Through simulations, we explored the effect of increased isolation on the evolution of genetic load over the short and long term when fitness depends in part on local adaptation. We ignored genetic effects on demography. We modeled complex genomes, where a subset of the loci were under divergent selection in different localities. When a fraction of the loci were under heterogeneous selection, isolation increased mean fitness in larger demes made up of hundreds of individuals because of improved local adaptation. In smaller demes of tens of individuals, increased isolation improved local adaptation very little and reduced overall fitness. Short‐term improvement of mean fitness after fragmentation may not be indicative of the long‐term evolution of fitness. Whatever the deme size and potential for local adaptation, migration of one or two individuals per generation minimized the genetic load in general. The slow dynamics of mean fitness following fragmentation suggests that conservation measures should be implemented before the consequences of isolation on the genetic load become of concern.     

Limitations of Gravity Models in Predicting the Spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil

Abstract: The effects of non‐native invasive species are costly and environmentally damaging, and resources to slow their spread and reduce their effects are scarce. Models that accurately predict where new invasions will occur could guide the efficient allocation of resources to slow colonization. We assessed the accuracy of a model that predicts the probability of colonization of lakes in Wisconsin by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). We based this predictive model on 9 years (1990–1999) of sequence data of milfoil colonization of lakes larger than 25 ha (n =1803). We used milfoil colonization sequence data from 2000 to 2006 to test whether the model accurately predicted the number of lakes that actually were colonized from among the 200 lakes identified as being most likely to be colonized. We found that a lake's predicted probability of colonization was not correlated with whether a lake actually was colonized. Given the low predictability of colonization of specific lakes, we compared the efficacy of preventing milfoil from leaving occupied sites, which does not require predicting colonization probability, with protecting vacant sites from being colonized, which does require predicting colonization probability. Preventing organisms from leaving colonized sites reduced the likelihood of spread more than protecting vacant sites. Although we focused on the spread of a single species in a particular region, our results show the shortcomings of gravity models in predicting the spread of numerous non‐native species to a variety of locations via a wide range of vectors.     

朱溪流域植被覆盖的时空变化及地形分异特征

分析2003~2011年朱溪流域植被覆盖的时空分布状况及其变化的地形响应特征,为该地区进一步治理水土流失和生态恢复工程提供决策支持。基于RS和GIS技术,采用像元二分法模型计算植被覆盖度,通过植被重心模型、地形响应指数表征其植被覆盖的时空变化规律。(1)朱溪流域植被覆盖度整体呈上升趋势,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类的植被覆盖面积比率已达到区域的62.28%;格局动态上,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类重心向东北方向移动,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类重心向西南方向移动,表现为流域植被中、西部改善,东部零散退化的空间格局;(2)在海拔0~300m、坡度小于5°和大于35°区域各等级植被覆盖面积变化最显著,治理措施有效到位,而海拔450~500m处I类植被覆盖面积增加,应引起相关注意。8年间该流域植被覆盖有明显改善,各等级植被覆盖变化在不同地形条件下差异明显。     

危化品道路运输事故应急救援中心选址模型研究

为快速提高危化品道路运输事故应急救援能力,降低事故后果,文章基于目前应急救援中心选址模型的不足,提出了一种新的双目标决策救援中心选址模型。通过综合考虑应急响应时间及应急处理能力对救援能力的影响,建立了救援中心点的最大网络覆盖模型;并采用较优的邻域搜索算法求解救援中心点的合理位置。最后以某地危化品运输路网为例,利用所建模型对事故应急救援中心的合理布局计算求解。结果表明:考虑应急响应时间及应急处理能力限制的应急救援中心选址模型,能够有效提高救援中心的综合应急能力,为有关部门合理规划危化品道路运输事故应急救援中心布局提供理论参考和决策依据。     

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China. The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces, China. The migration and remittance status, household income and sustainable development of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas. And remittance is an important component in rural household income. Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor, which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages. In total, the migration increases the rural household income and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.     

International retirement migration in the Alicante region,Spain: process,spatial pattern and environmental impacts

International retirement migration has become an increasing phenomenon in the Mediterranean region of Alicante, Spain. Through an interdisciplinary approach, relationships between the migration process, landscape change and environmental impacts are examined. Lifestyle-related perceptions and demands of UK retirees are studied as a major driving force of urbanisation. The extent and quality of the process is assessed by statistical and land use data analysis. Results reveal a distinctive spatial pattern of in-migration and the emergence of an archetypical landscape, consisting of a mosaic of remaining natural and urbanised landscape along the Mediterranean coast. The paper discusses the necessity of retirees' integration into sustainable planning and decision making.     

Exploring the relationship between climate change and violent conflict

ABSTRACT

Does climate change lead to violent conflict? This article reviews the existing literature connecting climatic conditions to conflict. It finds that the existing literature has not detected a robust and general effect from climate to conflict onset. Moreover, there exists scientific agreement that climatic changes can contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways. In particular, the recent literature offers considerable suggestive evidence that climatic changes can lead to conflict in countries and/or regions, which are dependent on agriculture, host politically excluded groups, and have ineffective institutions. Future research should focus not only on understanding of the pathways and contexts in which climatic changes are most likely to increase or exacerbate the risk of conflict but also work to understand the mechanisms by which climate variability and change might cause conflict.     

Interprovincial migration in China, 1985–2005: a gravity modeling approach

This paper tries to identify the characters that might affect interprovincial migrants’ decisions and examine how and why the influence of these characters changed over time individually and synthetically in China during 1985–2005. We have investigated six types of factors, namely, distance, population density, income, employment structure, house price, and migration stock. In addition, we apply the identified factors with a multiple stepwise regression model to a longitudinal dataset, which consists of interprovincial migration flows over the last two decades in China. It is found that different factors have disparate impacts on migration in China, and they can be decomposed into push force in origin area and pull force in destination area. Factors shaping China’s interprovincial migration have shifted from traditional factors such as distance to economic factors such as income and employment structure. This paper suggests that more attention should be paid to obtain detailed migration data with spatial information and develop applicable models for migration processes. Our analysis provides references for development planners and policymakers to develop sound population policies to achieve regional sustainable development in China.     

Effects of load carriage and work boots on lower limb kinematics of industrial workers

Load and footwear condition are two crucial elements varying the kinematic responses during walking, which probably lead to chronic injury. Fifteen healthy male individuals with no obvious gait abnormalities participated in this study. Apart from a no-load condition, four external load conditions with two load levels were investigated. Work boots were compared with running shoes to determine footwear effects. Significant impacts were found for lower limb range of motion at certain joints when carrying loads. A greater hip and ankle flexion–extension while wearing the work boots indicated that participants needed to lift the leg higher to complete toe clearance off the walking surface. Work boots also increased the vertical excursion of the center of body mass, which may impact body balance and induce falling. No significant influencing pattern of carrying modes was found, which was probably due to the light load and relatively stable mode of shoulder carrying.