For an improved rural housing to limit distress migration

Third World cities have been suffering from many problems notably slums, squatter housing, unemployment and so on. The aim of this study is to discuss the process and means of transforming rural life so as to create better opportunities and enhance the living conditions in the countryside. It is suggested that this approach would retain a substantial part of the rural population in the rural areas, thus avoiding the urban problems and chaotic unplanned development.     

Urbanisation Without Development: Environmental and Health Implications in African Cities

Sustainable development advocates for a balance between socio-economic development and the environment in the pursuit of human advancement. In Africa, high population growth and inadequate infrastructure in urban areas exert pressure on the environment and this threatens the health and wellbeing of urban residents. The population of the African continent until the 1960s was predominantly rural. This scenario has taken a swift turn and some of the major shifts in the global urbanisation process are taking place on the continent. Factors including natural increase in the population, rural–urban migration, strife and hunger leading to the internal displacement of populations have exacerbated the urbanisation process in Africa. The situation has been worsened by the imposition of Western development policies, including structural adjustment programmes on African nations, which has eroded the subsistence base of rural agricultural communities and further ignited rural urban migration. The failure of industry to absorb the increasing labour force has created massive unemployment and deepening poverty crisis in urban centres. Inadequate provision of infrastructure and services to meet the growth in urban populations has resulted in inefficient spatial development of urban centres, the proliferation of squatter settlements, inadequate basic amenities including potable water, sanitation and waste disposal. Poor environmental sanitation has resulted in the upsurge of infectious diseases and deteriorating urban health. Urban populations in Africa are also the worst affected by newly emerging diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS. The poor bear a disproportionately large share of the problems due to their particular vulnerability to environmental and health risks. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Ranch Ownership Change and New Approaches to Water Resource Management in Southwestern Montana: Implications for Fisheries1

Abstract:  This article reports on a survey of ranch owners in high amenity areas in southwestern Montana that have experienced marked ownership change over the last two decades. Specifically, we focus on findings from a set of questions targeting water resource and riparian area management. After reviewing the results, we consider how new owners may be managing water resources differently than longtime owners and what the ecological implications of this shift in management might be for Montana’s prized wild fisheries. Uses more closely associated with new owners than with longtime owners include water reallocation to instream uses, aquatic and riparian ecosystem restoration, and fish pond construction. These uses have both positive and negative impacts on the region’s fisheries. Our findings suggest that current laws and institutions guiding the management of water resources and the aquatic and riparian ecosystems they support may not be adequate to address emerging conservation opportunities and challenges.     

农产品物流组织形式及其发展趋势

阐述了农产品物流组织的内涵和组织形式，提出了农产品物流组织发展的主流方向是第三方物流企业，发展的切入重点是农产品配送中心组织，发展的新趋势是农产品虚拟物流组织，并对不同农产品物流组织形式的发展等方面进行了分析。     

INTERFERENCE BETWEEN GRAVITY WELLS STEADY STATE FLOW1

Under steady state conditions of flow, the seepage toward a single gravity well is governed by the Laplace Equation which may be written in terms of either the hydraulic head, the pressure head or the velocity potential. Although this equation is linear, the principle of superposition cannot be applied to sum up the individual effects in the case of a multiple gravity well system due to the variation of the flow domain under the effect of one or several wells. A method is presented allowing the use of the superposition principle in a restricted form. The superposition of the decrements of the base pressure heads than the initial heads before pumping is valid. Also the decrements in the areas of the pressure head diagrams across specific vertical sections than the original areas can be summed up together.     

烟台市中心镇选择的战略研究

中心镇是指大都市圈内或全省城镇发展轴上具有明显发展潜力和有一定规模基础的乡镇.有所取舍地建设一批中心镇对社会经济发展具有积极地推动作用.在空间结构理论指导下,合理选择中心镇是这项工作的前提和关键.从自然、社会、经济等方面分析了发展中心镇的影响因素,构建了发展中心镇的评价指标体系,以定性和定量相结合的方法确定了烟台市的20个中心镇,指出了它们今后的发展方向,提出了发展中心镇的具体建议.     

90Sr、137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移研究

本文叙述了放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素^90Sr、^137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移情况研究。使用小型土柱的氚水淋洗实验研究土壤水力学性质，最后进行大型土柱实验研究核素在该包气带土壤中的迁移，并对实验情况进行了数学模拟。用该土壤原状土进行小型土柱的氚水淋洗试验，测得了土壤的水力弥散度为0．32cm，土壤有效孔隙度为0．35。经过290天的大型柱迁移试验表明，土壤对^90Sr的阻滞系数为220．4，在模拟实际降雨量的情况下，^90Sr的平均迁移速度为0．63cm/y，^137Cs在大型柱试验中没有明显迁移。数值模拟^90Sr、^137Cs迁移，得出经过上述大型柱试验相同的条件下，^90Sr、^137Cs迁移的峰位置基本和大型柱试验结果相同。     

近20年来康定市景观格局演变及其驱动力分析

为了研究近20年来康定市景观格局的演变并分析其主要驱动力,基于1990、2000、2010年的遥感解译数据,在类型和景观水平上计算分析了近20年来康定市的景观格局指数变化、景观类型转移和质心偏移,探讨了康定市景观格局演变的主要驱动力。结果表明:1)康定市景观格局中林地景观和草地景观所占面积最大,为主要优势基质景观类型,对维持区域生态系统稳定起决定性作用,其次依次为其他景观、水域景观、农田景观和人文景观;2)20年来康定市景观破碎化程度有所增加,景观形状整体上趋于简单化,景观连接性和多样性增加,但景观均匀度下降;3)1990—2010年人文景观和林地景观面积增加,而农田景观面积降低,其他类型面积变化较小,农田景观和人文景观受人类干扰较大,破碎化程度增加,斑块形状趋于简单;4)1990—2000年景观类型面积基本未发生转移,2000—2010年农田景观和草地景观向林地景观转移,草地景观和林地景观向人文景观转移;5)近20年来人文景观类型向西偏移了0.058°,向北偏移了0.026°,农田景观类型向西偏移了0.033°,向南偏移了0.014°,而林地、草地、水域和其他景观类型的质心几乎未发生偏移。近20年来康定市景观格局变化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果,特别是社会经济、政策和人口增长等人为因素是康定市景观格局演变的主要因素。     

下旋型重力旋流沉淀池合理设计与计算

下旋型重力旋流沉淀池在钢铁厂轧钢、连铸废水处理中已被广泛采用,具有占地少、处理后水质好、便于抓渣等优点。本文在理论上和总结设计及生产运行经验基础上介绍了下旋重力旋流沉淀池的构造、设计和计算。     

论自创生的环境法律系统

法律是自我关联的自创生系统，并且法律的发展也是法律与外界系统以及社会及其他社会子系统之间的共同进化。自创生法律系统为环境法律体系提供了一个可行的理论支持，现实中，环境法律系统对自己的现实建构来源于他自身的基本循环法律理念的法律学说、体现在保留、克服、增益、前进的自创生法律过程与循环型的法律秩序、完成于法律行为与法律规范构建。