采用重选法处理蚀刻废液零排放资源化新工艺

阐述了广州市白云区南溪化工厂开发出的一套国内首创的对线路板蚀刻废液进行大规模集中资源化处理的零排放处理新工艺,这套新工艺采用重力分选的方法将在固相条件下生成的氧化铜分离出来,克服了原有工艺的缺陷,达到了理想的分离效果,使废液中所有的成分能够在较低的处理成本下全部分离回收,完全无三废排出,达到了清洁生产的要求。     

生物接触氧化工艺改造购物中心综合污水处理的应用

利用生物接触氧化工艺和调整鼓风量改造原处理工艺,处理购物中心综合污水,设计能力400m3/d。废水进水水质CODCr为1083～1146mg/L、SS为315～436mg/L;调试稳定后,出水水质CODCr为126～145mg/L、SS为65～83mg/L,CODCr、SS去除率分别为87%～93%、79%～81%,出水水质达到国家二级排放标准。     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣在自然淋滤过程中铊的迁移与释放

重点研究了自然淋滤过程中广东某大型硫酸厂含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣(沉灰渣)中有毒有害重金属元素Tl向周围环境的迁移释放能力及其影响因素.研究表明:自然淋滤作用下,沉灰渣中Tl污染物的迁移释放能力很强;沉灰渣中Tl的赋存形态是控制其迁移释放能力大小的内在因素和首要因素,而淋滤液pH和沉灰渣矿物组成是控制沉灰渣中Tl迁移释放能力大小的外在因素和次要因素.不同结合形式的Tl在沉灰渣中的迁移释放能力明显不同,释放强弱顺序为:酸可交换方式吸附在废渣中的Tl>铁锰氧化物结合态的Tl>硫化物和硅酸盐矿物结合态的Tl.      

尾矿库重金属污染物迁移的现代数值模拟方法

为了给研究重金属污染物迁移提供指导性的方法和步骤,力求总结出尾矿库重金属污染物迁移的一般性研究方法。以尾矿库重金属污染为研究对象,采用事故树和鱼刺图对尾矿库重金属污染进行分析,找出主要污染源,建立污染物迁移数学模型,系统地归纳尾矿库重金属污染物迁移数值模拟软件,对主要污染源进行分析得出结论。结果表明各种研究手段之间存在步步深入,前后承接的联系,由此建立尾矿库重金属污染物迁移的现代数值模拟方法,提出尾矿库重金属污染物迁移的数值模拟方法的一般操作步骤。     

GIS支持的县域人口迁移空间模型研究--以浙江省临安市为例

人口迁移引起人口的数量、质量、结构等要素的空间分布发生变化,是人口地理学研究的重要内容之一。目前对人口迁移模型的研究大多是以行政区划作为计算单元,难以反映小尺度下行政区内部的人口迁移态势。在GIS的支持下,提出构建县域人口迁移引力模型,选择县域内独立的居民区片为计算单元来评价乡镇的人口吸引潜力和人口最大可能迁移目的地分布。以浙江省临安市为实验区,实现模型的运算,检验结果表明模型能较好地反映各乡镇对人口的实际吸引力,为研究区制定人口、经济等政策和辅助规划提供了科学合理的依据。     

Connectivity between countries established by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway

The conservation of long-distance migratory birds requires coordination between the multiple countries connected by the movements of these species. The recent expansion of tracking studies is shedding new light on these movements, but much of this information is fragmented and inaccessible to conservation practitioners and policy makers. We synthesized current knowledge on the connectivity established between countries by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway. We reviewed tracking studies to compile migration records for 1229 individual birds, from which we derived 544 migratory links, each link corresponding to a species’ connection between a breeding country in Europe and a nonbreeding country in sub-Saharan Africa. We used these migratory links to analyze trends in knowledge over time and spatial patterns of connectivity per country (across species), per species (across countries), and at the flyway scale (across all countries and all species). The number of tracking studies available increased steadily since 2010 (particularly for landbirds), but the coverage of existing tracking data was highly incomplete. An average of 7.5% of migratory landbird species and 14.6% of raptor species were tracked per country. More data existed from central and western European countries, and it was biased toward larger bodied species. We provide species- and country-level syntheses of the migratory links we identified from the reviewed studies, involving 123 populations of 43 species, migrating between 28 European and 43 African countries. Several countries (e.g., Spain, Poland, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo) are strategic priorities for future tracking studies to complement existing data, particularly on landbirds. Despite the limitations in existing tracking data, our data and results can inform discussions under 2 key policy instruments at the flyway scale: the African–Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia.     

A critical review on thermodynamic mechanisms of membrane fouling in membrane-based water treatment process

● Fundamentals of membrane fouling are comprehensively reviewed. ● Contribution of thermodynamics on revealing membrane fouling mechanism is summarized. ● Quantitative approaches toward thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are deeply analyzed. ● Inspirations of thermodynamics for membrane fouling mitigation are briefly discussed. ● Research prospects on thermodynamics and membrane fouling are forecasted. Membrane technology is widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies for wastewater treatment and reclamation in the 21st century. However, membrane fouling significantly limits its applicability and productivity. In recent decades, research on the membrane fouling has been one of the hottest spots in the field of membrane technology. In particular, recent advances in thermodynamics have substantially widened people’s perspectives on the intrinsic mechanisms of membrane fouling. Formulation of fouling mitigation strategies and fabrication of anti-fouling membranes have both benefited substantially from those studies. In the present review, a summary of the recent results on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with the critical adhesion and filtration processes during membrane fouling is provided. Firstly, the importance of thermodynamics in membrane fouling is comprehensively assessed. Secondly, the quantitative methods and general factors involved in thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are critically reviewed. Based on the aforementioned information, a brief discussion is presented on the potential applications of thermodynamic fouling mechanisms for membrane fouling control. Finally, prospects for further research on thermodynamic mechanisms underlying membrane fouling are presented. Overall, the present review offers comprehensive and in-depth information on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with complex fouling behaviors, which will further facilitate research and development in membrane technology.     

矿业废弃地不同生态修复模式下植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征

为了筛选出适合矿业废弃地复垦生态修复的植物材料,通过在排土场布设生态修复试验,开展不同生态修复模式对植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征影响的研究.结果 表明,不同生态修复模式下共出现存活植物8科10种,多为草本植物,乔灌草小区修复效果最佳,植物覆盖度达到100％,存活率超过69％,植物群落多样性指数表现为:乔灌草＞灌草＞乔...     

国外的环境移民问题及启示

工业的发展、人口的不断增长、经济全球一体化、气候变化等,导致生态环境的持续恶化,环境移民已成为困扰世界社会经济可持续发展的严重问题之一。国际社会的环境移民状况表明,环境移民主要是自发性的移民,缺乏政府的主导,容易形成环境难民和种族冲突,移民的人权难以得到保证,也不具有可持续发展性;可持续的环境移民要以政府为主导,以国内迁移为主实施移民工程;环境移民工程需要借鉴世界银行工程移民的经验,关键是做好迁人地的选择和评估。未来气候变化和突发环境灾难将不断加大人口的迁移范围和规模,需要给予特别的关注。总结国外环境移民的经验和教训,对我国实施有效的环境移民具有十分重要的意义。