Evidence against disaster-induced migration: the 2004 tornado in north-central Bangladesh

Migration is generally considered to be one of the primary responses to a natural disaster. The existing literature widely acknowledges the fact that disaster victims migrate from affected areas. This paper, though, provides empirical evidence of the non-occurrence of out-migration in the aftermath of the 14 April 2004 tornado in Bangladesh. Data collected from 291 respondents from eight tornado-affected villages suggest that no one from these locations migrated to other areas. The constant flow of disaster aid and its proper distribution by the government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were the main reasons why victims did not leave. This study contributes to the disaster literature by providing three important findings: disasters do not always create out-migration; emergency aid can compensate in monetary terms for damage caused by disasters; and some of the arguments made in the literature against the provision of emergency relief for disaster victims are not always valid for all countries.     

城市轨道交通行车安全保障信息系统的研究

在分析城市轨道交通安全系统现状的基础上 ,笔者阐述了建立行车安全保障信息系统的必要性 ;提出需先期建立综合调度指挥中心 ;而后 ,重点介绍了作为该中心基本组成部分的行车安全保障信息系统及其各个子系统的构成情况 ;进而对监测子系统的设计进行初步研究。城市轨道交通行车安全保障信息系统可以增强事故处理实时性 ,也可在一定程度上减轻事故损失 ,从而指导安全管理工作 ,同时也是提高城市轨道交通自动化水平的一个创新性探索。     

The dual imperative in refugee research: some methodological and ethical considerations in social science research on forced migration

Social scientists doing fieldwork in humanitarian situations often face a dual imperative: research should be both academically sound and policy relevant. We argue that much of the current research on forced migration is based on unsound methodology, and that the data and subsequent policy conclusions are often flawed or ethically suspect. This paper identifies some key methodological and ethical problems confronting social scientists studying forced migrants or their hosts. These problems include non-representativeness and bias, issues arising from working in unfamiliar contexts including translation and the use of local researchers, and ethical dilemmas including security and confidentiality issues and whether researchers are doing enough to 'do no harm'. The second part of the paper reviews the authors' own efforts to conduct research on urban refugees in Johannesburg. It concludes that while there is no single 'best practice' for refugee research, refugee studies would advance its academic and policy relevance by more seriously considering methodological and ethical concerns.     

环境放射性研究现状

本文主要评述环境放射性研究的现状及进展，包括环境放射性的来源，环境中放射性核素的种类以及它们在食物链中的转移，并讨论了环境放射性研究的新动向。     

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF CENTER PIVOT SYSTEMS WITH MICROCOMPUTERS1

A computerized water-energy-management system (WEMS) can be used by center pivot operators to reduce pumping fuel costs and monitoring expenses. Irrigation costs are lowered primarily because the system used climatic data and plant growth models to derive water schedules that considerably lowers the use of water compared with conventional irrigation practices. A capital budget analysis of a hypothetical, but representative farm growing corn, shows that cost savings are from three sources: 61 percent from pumping less water, 28 percent from labor savings, and 11 percent from savings on truck fuel, maintenance, and oiL The analysis illustrates that only a 4 percent water savings from irrigation scheduling over a 10-year period is required for the investment to be profitable for many central High Plains’ irrigators. The water savings required are relatively small compared with the potentials shown by irrigation scheduling research. WEMS is cost effective and can extend the life of the ground water source.     

基于混合生命周期评价的不同坝型温室气体排放对比分析

为了研究不同坝型对环境造成的影响,采用混合生命周期评价方法定量分析并比较同规模的重力坝和堆石坝水电枢纽布置在全生命周期内的温室气体排放.研究基于糯扎渡工程实例,生命周期考虑材料设备生产阶段、运输阶段、施工阶段和运行维护阶段.结果表明:重力坝方案和堆石坝方案生命周期温室气体排放量分别为1145.49×104和815.85×104t(以CO2当量计),重力坝比堆石坝多排放40.4%.其中,重力坝在生产、运输和运行阶段的碳足迹比堆石坝大,但堆石坝在施工阶段的碳足迹比重力坝大.运行阶段的温室气体排放量占全生命周期碳足迹的比例最大,其次是材料设备生产阶段、施工阶段和运输阶段.糯扎渡水电工程的碳排放因子明显低于火电碳排放因子,合理开展水电建设,是实现我国"十二五"规划碳减排目标的有效途径.     

多重扰动对湖泊内源磷迁移转化的影响

为了阐明多重扰动因素对内源磷迁移转化的影响,以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极系统等技术,研究了扰动下泥水两相间溶解氧、不同形态磷、铁离子等变化规律.结果表明,与对照实验相比,河蚬的出现致使沉积物内部溶解氧含量降低.扰动致使间隙水中DIP的峰值区域由3~4 cm迁移至4~5 cm,暗示了摇蚊幼虫和河蚬的引入使得DIP再生的"活跃区域"更深入泥层.并且,河蚬和藻类的出现进一步降低了间隙水中DIP的含量,其主要来源于NH_4Cl-P的释放,去向为上覆水和形成Fe/Al-P.随着扰动因素的增加,NH_4Cl-P转化为Fe/Al-P的比重也逐渐增加(由44%增至59%).     

模拟巢湖流域氯菊酯的迁移转化和生态风险

近年来,随着大量使用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,导致的环境问题已得到广泛关注.为认识巢湖流域氯菊酯在环境中的赋存状态、迁移转化、环境归趋和生态风险,本研究结合多介质归趋模型和物种敏感性分布模型(SSD),模拟了稳态假设下氯菊酯在巢湖生态系统各环境介质中的浓度分布、迁移通量和去除途径,并通过灵敏性分析和不确定性分析对各输入参数进行了评价.进一步构建污染物的SSD模型,评价了氯菊酯在稳态条件下的潜在生态风险,预测了保护系统中95%的物种时允许最大年输入量.结果表明,氯菊酯在大气相、水体相、沉积物相中的浓度分别为3.99×10~(-16)、5.63×10~(-11)和1.95×10~(-5)mol·m~(-3),沉积物是氯菊酯的最大储库;大气中的氯菊酯主要以挥发形式进入,通过空气颗粒物干沉降消减;水体中的氯菊酯主要以平流输入为主进入,通过底泥沉降消减;沉积物中的氯菊酯主要以底泥沉降形式进入,通过底泥再悬浮和掩埋消减.此外,SSD模型预测的HC5浓度为0.97 ng·L~(-1),假设稳态下预测的水体浓度远低于该值,仅对巢湖流域0.77%的物种产生影响,当年输入量低于78.2 t的情况下,巢湖水体中95%的物种不会受到氯菊酯的威胁.     

多环芳烃在土壤剖面中迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

京津地区典型土壤剖面分析表明,土壤中PAHs含量和组成均随深度增大而呈现明显的变化.为了揭示PAHs在土壤剖面中的迁移特征与控制因素,开展了室内土柱模拟实验,考察了PAHs的迁移特点及影响因素,特别是土壤有机质含量的影响.采用3种土壤质地和TOC不同的土样装填土柱,以去离子水作为淋滤液对预先加入土柱表层的污染物(包括不同环数PAHs、d-Flu)进行淋滤,当达到淋滤量后分析土柱中PAHs含量及组成.结果表明,不同实验条件下,淋滤后土壤剖面不同层次土壤中PAHs含量均高于原土样中的,且PAHs主要富集在土柱表层,随深度增加其含量明显降低,但不同土柱中降幅不同;不同环数PAHs分布特征存在差异.与原土柱相比,除d-Flu和Flu等低环数芳烃的含量在剖面不同深度均有明显增大外,部分高环数PAHs相对含量在土柱的不同深度也明显增加,说明高环数PAHs也具有一定的迁移能力,但相对于3环PAHs,高环数PAHs在土壤中迁移能力较低.此外,土壤剖面PAHs的富集程度明显受土壤中TOC影响,PAHs总量或单体PAH含量在土柱中迁移的深度随着TOC含量降低而增加.     

石煤砷的赋存形态对砷迁移释放的影响

高砷石煤燃烧是陕西南部秦巴山区砷中毒流行的主要因素,煤燃烧的砷释放过程不仅与砷元素化学性质、砷含量有关,也与砷赋存形态有关。文章利用连续化学浸提法对陕南石煤砷的赋存形态进行了分析,并探讨了各赋存形态对石煤砷迁移和燃烧释放率的影响。结果表明,高砷石煤砷主要以硫化物结合态存在,其含量占煤砷含量的75%以上;石煤燃烧的砷释放率与煤中残渣态砷有显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.773,P<0.01;煤砷溶出率与可交换态砷和硫化物结合态砷均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.983(P<0.05)和0.796(P<0.05)。