河南省林业经济差异与空间演变

采用经济重心研究法和变异系数法对河南省林业经济进行了计量分析,发现该省林业经济差异在不断扩大,林业经济重心偏向东南方向,有北移和西移的趋势,对此现象进行了合理的解释.在此基础上,提出了河南省林业经济发展的建议：①转变林业经济增长方式;②豫北山区培育形成特色经济林基地;③豫南山区加强名优经济林种植及深加工;④豫东豫中平原区大力发展速生丰产林和用材林.     

青藏高原农牧业生态风险时空变化特征与分区防控

青藏高原地区是我国重要的生态安全屏障、战略资源储备基地,农牧业是青藏高原涵盖范围最广的产业,明晰其生态风险对实现青藏高原农牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。构建了青藏高原农牧业生态风险评价体系,并以216个县域为评价单元,分析1990—2015年农牧业开发综合生态风险的时空分布及其重心转移规律,并结合区域农牧业开发强度实现农牧业生态风险权衡分区。结果表明：（1）青藏高原综合生态风险总体有上升趋势,呈“东部多核聚集、西部零星散列”的分布格局。（2）风险重心向西北方向移动,风险主趋势方向转为西北—东南走向。（3）青藏高原限制开发区面积占比最大为50.84%,其次为发展预警区与自然恢复区,青藏高原整体农牧业开发强度较高,应在保障高原生态安全屏障功能的情况下减缓农牧业开发。针对区域特征提出农牧业发展方案,以期为青藏高原地区农牧业开发生态风险防范及发展规划提供科学指引。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

Green financing,interrupted. Potential directions for sustainable finance in Luxembourg

ABSTRACT

This paper has a quintessentially explorative character. It aims at identifying existing as well as potential (yet missing) links between the finance industry and local businesses that aspire to more sustainable economic practices. Building on the observation that green investments have been gaining weight in global investors’ strategies, we analyse how sustainable – in the most comprehensive sense of the word – green investments could ultimately be(come), when green assets are still managed according to the logic of “financialised finance”. This latter’s technologies of commodification, securitisation and derivatives-trading allegedly oppose alternative economic practices that pursue economic sustainability through social and environmental gains. In contrast, we investigate how the finance industry relates to alternative financial practices, products and organisations that offer sustainability-oriented financing services, – for example, regional banks, cooperatives and the like, – with a specific focus on green, social and solidarity businesses. Both approaches subscribe to apparently contradictory ideologies. We establish a beneficial dialogue between the opposing models of “green capitalism” and “alternative economies” so as to identify potential points of intersection. The context of Luxembourg’s local/regional economies provides a great opportunity to empirically access three levels of investigation: the private sector, the public sector and an international financial centre, a key facilitator for green finance, thus utilising insights from the concept of bricolage. Whilst supporters of Luxembourg’s emerging green finance profile recognise its positive impact on the small country’s national branding, in combination with economic stimuli, more critical commentators point to pure “green washing” effects.     

台湾集集7.6级强震前粤东地区的重力中短期异常

基于广东东部地区流动重力观测资料,分析了1999年台湾集集7.6级地震前后重力场的时空动态演化过程,发现1996年起出现的群体性重力测值偏离长趋势的变化,可视为7.6级地震前中期异常的开始,而1998年中出现的反向变化则是中期异常向短期异常的转折。作为强震前的远场重力异常,其时间、空间变化表现出的不一致和非均匀性变化形态,可能主要与测区内不同断层在区域应力场和震源应力场共同作用下产生的局部形变不同有关。     

高效反渗透工艺处理电厂废水

采用“机械加速澄清—重力式过滤—离子交换—除碳—高效反渗透” 工艺处理某电厂废水,将反渗透产水作为冷却塔补水。运行结果表明：弱酸阳离子交换器出水碱度≤0.10 mmol/L、硬度≤0.02 mmol/L、浊度≤0.2 NTU,满足高效反渗透对进水水质的要求;高效反渗透产水浊度<0.1 NTU,COD_Mn≤0.08 mg/L,硬度≤1.12 mg/L,碱度≤8.40 mg/L,ρ（总铁）<10 μg/L,ρ（总硅）<0.5 mg/L,电导率<45 μS/cm,出水水质满足回用要求。针对该系统存在的自用水率高、过滤器污堵以及水量不平衡等问题提出了相应的建议。     

湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空演变格局

耕地非农化压力及其区域差异是建设用地指标区际配置的基础。湖北省社会经济发展与城镇化水平存在显著的区域差异,耕地非农化压力区际差异明显。通过对比人均建设用地指标的理论值与实际值之间的差异开展湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空格局研究,结合重心迁移模型,采用Arc GIS空间分析方法揭示了湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空演化路径。结果表明:(1)湖北省耕地非农化压力存在显著的区域差异,西部地区中恩施市的耕地非农化压力较大,其他城市耕地非农化压力较小且相对变化较小;东部地区的耕地非农化压力较大且相对变化较大;(2)2000~2011年,湖北省耕地非农化压力的重心总体向东北方向迁移,表明湖北省东部一些城市的耕地非农化压力相对西部一些城市的增长较大。(3)重心迁移距离为17.37 km,相对较小,表明湖北省耕地非农化压力于2000~2011年整体变化相对稳定。     

重庆市农用地整治项目时空分异特征研究

以2002~2013年重庆市农用地整治项目数据为基础,采用数理统计法和重心模型法,对12 a间重庆市农用地整治项目的时空分异特征进行研究。得出以下结论:1重庆市农用地整治项目主要分布在城市发展新区和渝东北生态涵养发展区。项目平均规模受地形影响较大,项目平均投资额与项目区区位条件、地形条件、现代农业发展方向、生态文明建设等因素有关。2项目数量、项目规模及项目投资额的重心移动均在经度和纬度方向呈现波动变化,但基本集中在全市的中部位置,全市农用地整治项目的空间分布具有一定的地域均衡性。项目重心整体呈向东北方向移动的趋势,重心移动的方向和距离受政策因素影响明显。3根据项目数量、项目规模和项目投资额的重心点及其移动轨迹可以将重庆市12 a间农用地整治项目分为起步阶段、发展阶段、完善阶段、成熟阶段四个阶段。最后对重庆市农用地整治政策制定和项目布局提出了相应的政策建议。     

1980年以来中国大宗作物空间格局变化分析

利用1980～2014年间的大宗作物(玉米、水稻、小麦、棉花、油菜)面积数据,以省级行政区为研究单元,采用多种数理统计和GIS空间分析技术,结合同期作物之间的竞争性用地关系,对全国上述五类大宗作物的空间分布格局及其变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明:玉米的空间分布相对较均衡;小麦的空间格局总的变化不明显但是省际分布最不均衡;棉花近30 a来空间格局变化极其显著,其面积重心从河南境内不断地向西北地区移动,目前位于甘肃省境内;油菜的面积重心自湖北境内不断地向南推移到湖南境内,水稻的面积重心则自江西境内逐渐向北移动到湖北境内.另外,部分区域的同期作物(如油菜与小麦、棉花与春玉米)空间格局变化存在明显的“消-长”关系,特别是在甘肃和内蒙,油菜小麦的面积变化有着极强的负相关性,其pearson系数低于-0.8.作物种植的成本收益变化是造成这些大宗作物空间格局变化的主要原因,城市化发展的程度、农民非农就业机会的高低、同期作物之间的比较效益差距等也是这些大宗作物时空格局产生变化的重要原因.     

考虑拦污栅-坝体相互作用的混凝土重力坝抗震安全性分析

对考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用的弹性连接和刚性连接的拦污栅-坝体以及不作耦联分析的拦污栅-坝体这三种不同模型结构形式的动力特性和动力响应进行了比较分析。研究发现,拦污栅的不同模型结构形式对大坝的抗震安全性分析有重要影响,考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用后,坝体损伤开裂的程度明显加大,坝顶的水平位移响应也明显提高。按《规范》规定的对拦污栅和坝体不作耦联分析的抗震计算方法,所得结果对坝体是偏于不安全的,而如考虑拦污栅-坝体之间的弹性连接,所得结果则是偏于安全的。