WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THE MULLICA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The potential withdrawal of water from the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary is southern New Jersey prompted a joint study by biologists and engineers to determine the maximum supply of water that could be diverted from the basin without causing undue environmental impacts. The effect of removal of water from the basin over long periods of time was simulated by review of records of a severe drought. Based on analysis of streamflows and salinities during these drought conditions, minimum mean monthly streamflows were determined corresponding to the maximum salinities tolerable by the fish and shellfish communities, important sources of revenue and recreation in the region. A physically optimized, chance constrained linear programming model was developed for the conjunctive use of ground and surface waters. Adjusting water withdrawal from streamflow and groundwater sources according to physical and seasonal criteria would permit maximum use of the basin's resources, with no additional burden on the ecology of the estuary.     

COST EFFECTIVE OPERATION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT: Efficient operation of a city water supply system is an important goal of all municipalities. Efficient operation should result in minimum operation cost through reduction in total energy use and/ or reduction in on-peak energy consumption. An optimization model was designed for operating the water supply systems of cities using groundwater. The Newton-Raphson pipe network was used for network analysis and a dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used for determining a schedule for pump operation in the pipe network system. The model is most suitable for use in small cities with up to 45,000 in population, but with large-scale disintegration techniques may also be used for larger cities. The savings in operation costs are a function of energy cost and energy use pattern and water use pattern in the area.     

乌江干流沿岸地区国土规划的编制程序和主要内容

《乌江干流沿岸地区国土规划》,是国务院批准的第一个全国重点综合开发地区的规划。本文介绍该规划的编制程序和规划的主要内容,一是帮助关心乌江地区开发的单位对规划有一个初步的了解;二是可供正在编制国土规划的单位参考;三是介绍一个协调经济发展与人口、资源、环境关系的实例,供有关研究者参考。     

A SCREENING MODEL FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Techniques of optimization and simulation are merged to select the most efficient arrangement of components for regional water resources development and management. Application is made to the Elkhorn River Basin in Nebraska. The Basin extends over 7,000 square miles and includes 184 proposed reservoirs. Structure sizes, locations and operating policies are selected for optimal plans based on economic efficiency and regional development. Results indicate that substantial savings in time and costs over conventional planning techniques are effected. Agreement between model output and agency design values was noted.     

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE USE OF STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: A stochastic dynamic programming model is applied to a small hydroelectric system. The variation in number of stage iterations and the computer time required to reach steady state conditions with changes in the number of storage states is investigated. The increase in computer time required to develop the storage probability distributions with increase in the number of storage states is reviewed. It is found that for an average of seven inflow states, the largest number of storage states for which it is computationally feasible to develop the storage probability distributions is nine. It is shown that use of the dynamic program results based on a small number of storage states results in unrealistically skewed storage probability distributions. These skewed distributions are attributed to “trapping” states at the low end of the storage range.     

等维灰数递补动态模型对四川境外客源市场的预测

通过对四川省1997-2005年境外游客数量的分析，发现除个别年份以外，整个时间序列总体呈增长趋势。根据客流量与时间的关系：利用动态灰色预测理论建立了四川省境外客源市场的等维灰数递补动态预测模型。经过检验，该模型既与实际客流量相吻合，又能精确地给出短期甚至中期的预报结果。通过对未来几年客流量进行预测，并据此提出相应的建议，提供给有关管理和决策部门参考。     

RESERVOIR OPERATION ANI EVALUATION OF DOWNSTREAM FLOW AUGMENTATION1

ABSTRACT: Operation of a storage‐based reservoir modifies the downstream flow usually to a value higher than that of natural flow in dry season. This could be important for irrigation, water supply, or power production as it is like an additional downstream benefit without any additional investment. This study addresses the operation of two proposed reservoirs and the downstream flow augmentation at an irrigation project located at the outlet of the Gandaki River basin in Nepal. The optimal operating policies of the reservoirs were determined using a Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) model considering the maximization of power production. The modified flows downstream of the reservoirs were simulated by a simulation model using the optimal operating policy (for power maximization) and a synthetic long‐term inflow series. Comparing the existing flow (flow in river without reservoir operation) and the modified flow (flow after reservoir operation) at the irrigation project, the additional amount of flow was calculated. The reliability analysis indicated that the supply of irrigation could be increased by 25 to 100 percent of the existing supply over the dry season (January to April) with a reliability of more than 80 percent.     

Designing a conservation reserve network with minimal fragmentation: A linear integer programming approach

In the biological conservation literature, the optimum reserve site selection problem has often been addressed by using the prototype set covering and maximal covering formulations, assuming that representation of species is the only criterion in site selection. This approach usually results in a small but highly fragmented reserve, which is not useful for practical conservation planning. To improve the chances of species' persistence, it may be desirable to reduce habitat fragmentation. This paper presents a linear integer programming formulation to minimize spatial gaps between selected sites in a reserve network, which is applied to a data set on breeding birds. The authors express their willingness to share the database used in this study. Those readers who wish to have access to the data may contact Robert A. Briers at r.briers@napier.ac.uk.     

用改进的灰色识别法评价地表水环境质量——以北京石景山区莲花河新开渠为案例

简要论述了利用改进的灰色识别法评价地表水环境质量的计算原理、方法和步骤。改进的灰色识别法以灰色关联法为基础,针对运用灰色关联法对水环境质量进行评价中存在的问题,引入关联离散度和隶属度算法加以改进,并将水环境质量标准等级与相应的隶属度加权平均求得精确水质类别,进一步提高了分辨率和实用性。以北京市石景山区莲花河新开渠为案例,对地表水环境质量进行评价,确定其水质等级以及变化趋势,为水环境保护规划提供科学依据。结果表明:改进的灰色识别法可比性强,分辨率高,具有较高的实用价值。     

利用多模式集合和多元线性回归改进北京PM_(10)预报

本研究将多模式集合预报和多元线性回归集成方法结合起来减小空气质量预报的不确定性.首先评估了北京空气质量多模式集合预报系统中3个模式成员(NAQPMS、CAMx、CMAQ)对北京地区PM10日均浓度的预报性能,在此基础上引入多元线性回归将历史观测信息纳入进来对3个模式预报结果进行集成,并将集成预报结果与3个模式算术平均的预报结果进行比较.结果发现:1不同模式的预报结果差异较大,并没有一个模式的预报技巧完全优于其它两个模式,其中CMAQ对北京PM10变化趋势的预报优于其它两个模式,NAQPMS预报的均方根误差整体低于其他两个模式.2多模式预报结果的算术平均在趋势预报和偏差两项指标上都低于部分单模式预报,并不能有效改进PM10预报;基于分站点的模式和观测数据构建的多元线性回归集成预报模型能显著提高PM10预报的准确率,选定合适的训练天数(36 d)后,28个站点PM10日均值预报的均方根误差相对单模式预报或集合平均预报下降32%~43%,预报偏差大幅减小至5.8μg·m-3,总体预报技巧显著优于单模式和多模式算术平均的预报结果,并且采用线性回归集成方法大幅提高了对污染过程的预报能力.