畜禽牧场污染及其对水环境质量的影响

评价了畜禽牧场污染及其对水环境质量的影响。为保证在进一步促进经济发展的同时,更有效地控制和减少畜禽牧场的污染,改善环境,保护好水环境资源,造福人类,提出了一些建议和措施。     

水电工程干扰下澜沧江典型段的水温时空特征

以澜沧江流域漫湾库尾至大朝山坝下的水电工程干扰典型段为研究区域,利用1978～2005年建坝前后的水温实测资料,采用相关分析、线性回归的方法分析表层水温、下泄水温的时空分布特征.结果表明,水电工程建设后库区蓄水对表层水温有着明显的增温效应,坝前表层水温仅5～8月低于气温,其余所有月份坝前表层水温均高于建坝前的天然表层水温,时间分异性减弱.库区出水温度一般冬季(干季)高于气温和天然表层水温,而夏季(雨季)则相反,与天然水温和气温的变化趋势有2个月的滞后性.从库尾到坝前,表层水温与天然气温逐渐接近,水温/气温比与距离大坝距离之间存在正相关关系,漫湾库区下泄水对大朝山库区的水温具有一定的累积效应.本研究结果表明水电工程对澜沧江典型河段的水温时空分布存在显著效应.     

放牧干扰后自然恢复沙质草地大型土壤动物功能群变化特征

通过调查科尔沁沙质退化草地不同强度放牧干扰（重度放牧,HGR;适度放牧,MGR）后自然恢复草地中大型土壤动物群落特征,分析了放牧干扰对大型土壤动物功能群的长期影响。结果共获得大型土壤动物1门2纲8目32个类群,优势类群为象甲科（鞘翅目）和蚁科（膜翅目）2类,共占捕获量的41．54％。大型土壤动物功能群包括植食性、肉食性和杂食性3类,分别具有16、15和1个类群,其个体数分别占总捕获数的64．08％、32．39％和3．52％。HGR有23个动物类群,分属于3个功能群;MGR有19个类群,但只有2个功能群（无杂食性）。HGR大型土壤动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均略高于MGR,但HGR和MGR间无显著差异性（P〉0．05）。植食性和肉食性土壤动物个体数占总个体数比例HGR均略低于MGR,但植食性动物和肉食性动物个体数间的比例较稳定。与中度放牧干扰产生的影响相比,重度放牧干扰对大型土壤动物群落（包括功能群特征）产生的长期影响更为明显。重度放牧后沙质草地自然恢复过程中大型土壤动物群落的营养结构变得更为复杂,但12年恢复时间对大型土壤动物群落结构恢复的影响有限。     

APM对小麦根尖分生组织细胞异常有丝分裂的诱导

探讨了不同浓度（c／μmol．L－1）和不同处理时间（t／h）下APM对小麦根尖分生组织细胞有丝分裂的影响．实验结果表明，在c（APM）＝1～4μmol／L、处理t＜5h可明显提高有丝分裂指数，对前期和中期细胞分裂的促进作用更为明显；但c（APM）的增加与有丝分裂指数的提高无明显线型关系；APM可促使间期细胞微核形成、中期细胞染色体聚合现象和扰乱纺锤丝的功能．纺锤丝功能上的扰乱可引起细胞的“不均等分裂”和“多极化分裂”形成上述两种细胞异常有丝分裂的临界浓度和处理时间分别为c＝5μmol／L和t＞5h．     

微絮凝过滤中SCD自动控制投药系统干扰调控能力研究

针对某水库源水,通过中试试验结合理论分析,对SCD自动控制加药技术用于微絮凝过滤作了较为系统的分析和研究。试验结果表明,SCD抗干扰调控能力强,并指出某水库水采用流动电流自动控制混凝加药技术是可行的。     

Integrating functional connectivity and fire management for better conservation outcomes

Globally, the mean abundance of terrestrial animals has fallen by 50% since 1970, and populations face ongoing threats associated with habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and disturbance. Climate change can influence the quality of remaining habitat directly and indirectly by precipitating increases in the extent, frequency, and severity of natural disturbances, such as fire. Species face the combined threats of habitat clearance, changing climates, and altered disturbance regimes, each of which may interact and have cascading impacts on animal populations. Typically, conservation agencies are limited in their capacity to mitigate rates of habitat clearance, habitat fragmentation, or climate change, yet fire management is increasingly used worldwide to reduce wildfire risk and achieve conservation outcomes. A popular approach to ecological fire management involves the creation of fire mosaics to promote animal diversity. However, this strategy has 2 fundamental limitations: the effect of fire on animal movement within or among habitat patches is not considered and the implications of the current fire regime for long-term population persistence are overlooked. Spatial and temporal patterns in fire history can influence animal movement, which is essential to the survival of individual animals, maintenance of genetic diversity, and persistence of populations, species, and ecosystems. We argue that there is rich potential for fire managers to manipulate animal movement patterns; enhance functional connectivity, gene flow, and genetic diversity; and increase the capacity of populations to persist under shifting environmental conditions. Recent methodological advances, such as spatiotemporal connectivity modeling, spatially explicit individual-based simulation, and fire-regime modeling can be integrated to achieve better outcomes for biodiversity in human-modified, fire-prone landscapes. Article impact statement: Land managers may conserve populations by using fire to sustain or enhance functional connectivity.     

Trends and knowledge gaps in field research investigating effects of anthropogenic noise

Anthropogenic noise is a globally widespread sensory pollutant, recognized as having potentially adverse effects on function, demography, and physiology in wild animals. Human population growth and associated changes in urbanization, transportation, and resource extraction all contribute to anthropogenic noise and are predicted to increase in the coming decades. Wildlife exposure to anthropogenic noise is expected to rise correspondingly. Data collected through field research are uniquely important in advancing understanding of the real-world repercussions of human activity on wildlife. We, therefore, performed a systematic review of literature published from 2008 to 2018 that reported on field investigations of anthropogenic noise impacts. We evaluated publication metrics (e.g., publication rates and journal type), geographical distribution of studies, study subject, and methods used. Research activity increased markedly over the assessment period. However, there was a pronounced geographical bias in research, with most being conducted in North America or Europe, and a notable focus on terrestrial environments. Fewer than one-fifth of terrestrial studies were located in rural areas likely to experience urbanization by 2030, meaning data on ecosystems most likely to be affected by future changes are not being gathered. There was also bias in the taxonomic groups investigated. Most research was conducted on birds and aquatic mammals, whereas terrestrial mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates received limited attention. Almost all terrestrial studies examined diurnal species, despite evidence that nocturnality is the prevailing animal activity pattern. Nearly half the studies investigated effects of road or urban noise; the bulk of research was restricted to functional, rather than physiological or demographic consequences. Few experimental studies addressed repercussions of long-term exposure to anthropogenic noise or long-term postexposure effects, and multiple noise types or levels were rarely compared. Tackling these knowledge gaps will be vital for successful management of the effects of increasing wildlife exposure to anthropogenic noise.     

Cost‐Effectiveness of Using Small Vertebrates as Indicators of Disturbance

In species‐rich tropical forests, effective biodiversity management demands measures of progress, yet budgetary limitations typically constrain capacity of decision makers to assess response of biological communities to habitat change. One approach is to identify ecological‐disturbance indicator species (EDIS) whose monitoring is also monetarily cost‐effective. These species can be identified by determining individual species’ responses to disturbance across a gradient; however, such responses may be confounded by factors other than disturbance. For example, in mountain environments the effects of anthropogenic habitat alteration are commonly confounded by elevation. EDIS have been identified with the indicator value (IndVal) metric, but there are weaknesses in the application of this approach in complex montane systems. We surveyed birds, small mammals, bats, and leaf‐litter lizards in differentially disturbed cloud forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. We then incorporated elevation in generalized linear (mixed) models (GL(M)M) to screen for EDIS in the data set. Finally, we used rarefaction of species accumulation data to compare relative monetary costs of identifying and monitoring EDIS at equal sampling effort, based on species richness. Our GL(M)M generated greater numbers of EDIS but fewer characteristic species relative to IndVal. In absolute terms birds were the most cost‐effective of the 4 taxa surveyed. We found one low‐cost bird EDIS. In terms of the number of indicators generated as a proportion of species richness, EDIS of small mammals were the most cost‐effective. Our approach has the potential to be a useful tool for facilitating more sustainable management of Andean forest systems. Rentabilidad del Uso de Pequeños Vertebrados como Indicadores de Perturbaciones     

Effects of reduced water quality on coral reefs in and out of no‐take marine reserves

Near‐shore marine environments are increasingly subjected to reduced water quality, and their ability to withstand it is critical to their persistence. The potential role marine reserves may play in mitigating the effects of reduced water quality has received little attention. We investigated the spatial and temporal variability in live coral and macro‐algal cover and water quality during moderate and major flooding events of the Fitzroy River within the Keppel Bay region of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park from 2007 to 2013. We used 7 years of remote sensing data on water quality and data from long‐term monitoring of coral reefs to quantify exposure of coral reefs to flood plumes. We used a distance linear model to partition the contribution of abiotic and biotic factors, including zoning, as drivers of the observed changes in coral and macro‐algae cover. Moderate flood plumes from 2007 to 2009 did not affect coral cover on reefs in the Keppel Islands, suggesting the reef has intrinsic resistance against short‐term exposure to reduced water quality. However, from 2009 to 2013, live coral cover declined by ～50% following several weeks of exposure to turbid, low salinity water from major flood plume events in 2011 and subsequent moderate events in 2012 and 2013. Although the flooding events in 2012 and 2013 were smaller than the flooding events between 2007 to 2009, the ability of the reefs to withstand these moderate floods was lost, as evidenced by a ～20% decline in coral cover between 2011 to 2013. Although zoning (no‐take reserve or fished) was identified a significant driver of coral cover, we recorded consistently lower coral cover on reserve reefs than on fished reefs throughout the study period and significantly lower cover in 2011. Our findings suggest that even reefs with an inherent resistance to reduced water quality are not able to withstand repeated disturbance events. The limitations of reserves in mitigating the effects of reduced water quality on near‐shore coral reefs underscores the importance of integrated management approaches that combine effective land‐based management with networks of no‐take reserves.