中国碳排放态势与绿色经济展望

中国从2007年开始已成为世界温室气体排放第一大国,减排的国际压力越来越大。本文采用国际能源署公布的国别时间系列数据(1990-2007),系统分析了中国碳排放的现状、特点及历史变化;从经济发展、能源消费、经济全球化、社会转型等多方面解析了中国未来碳排放总量将会继续增长的基本态势。同时,从绿色技术、可再生能源的发展、生态城市建设等方面论述了中国未来必然成为世界绿色经济大国的可能性。最后,为了实现中国从排放大国走向绿色经济大国,提出了理论上需要深入研究的几个问题,即:碳排放速度与不同空间尺度问题,经济转型与反转型,碳排放的责任与国界。     

Four Decades of Plant Community Change in the Alpine Tundra of Southwest Yukon,Canada

Repeat measurements from long-term plots provide precise data for studying plant community change. In 2010, we visited a remote location in Yukon, Canada, where a detailed survey of alpine tundra communities was conducted in 1968. Plant community composition was resurveyed on the same four slopes using the same methods as the original study. Species richness and diversity increased significantly over the 42 years and non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that community composition had also changed significantly. However, the direction and magnitude of change varied with aspect. Dominant species were not replaced or eliminated but, instead, declined in relative importance. Fine-scale changes in vegetation were evident from repeat photography and dendro-ecological analysis of erect shrubs, supporting the community-level analysis. The period of study corresponds to a mean annual temperature increase of 2°C, suggesting that climate warming has influenced these changes.     

Green procurement in the Asian public sector and the Hong Kong private sector

Since the 1980s, green purchasing/green procurement has increasingly been recognised as an effective means of addressing and reducing negative environmental impacts related to product production and consumption around the world. This paper reviews the procurement practices and policies of five Asian countries and Hong Kong, in the context of an international overview of green purchasing and practices. The extent of government involvement in green procurement is found to directly determine its overall effectiveness, and up-to-date information resources clearly enhance delivery and performance. A case study in Hong Kong demonstrates how public leadership on green procurement has advanced green procurement in the private sector.     

弹性系数在“绿色GDP”核算研究中的应用

本文总结了四川省在"中国环境经济核算体系总体框架"下"绿色GDP"核算结果的局限性,进而提出了"绿色弹性系数"的概念,并比较分析了2005~2007年四川省各地区的"绿色弹性系数",有效地反映了环境污染负荷的变化与社会经济的发展相互制约的关系以及发展趋势和规律。     

林产品绿色政府采购内涵及衡量标准分析

林产品绿色政府采购是世界森林保护的新兴议题,一些发达国家已开始实施.分析了林产品绿色政府采购的内涵、合法性和可持续性标准的定义,以及在实践过程中的具体操作方法,认为林产品绿色政府采购虽然为解决森林可持续经营问题提供了新的思路,但是在实践中却可能导致负面效应,客观上成为发达国家新的木材贸易壁垒.     

生态旅游地资源空间承载力研究——以武陵源杨家界景区为例

生态旅游资源空间承载力是发展生态旅游的评价前提,对生态旅游规划具有重要的作用和意义。为了实现生态旅游地可持续发展的目标,必须科学合理地确定其旅游资源空间承载力,以此对景区生态旅游资源的开发利用和游客管理进行有效调控。采用实地调查法,以旅游资源空间数量、游道长度等作为衡量指标,利用面积法、线路法分别对对森林型生态旅游风景区——武陵源杨家界景区的生态旅游资源瞬时空间承载量、日空间承载量和不同季节空间承载量进行了测算。结果表明,景区旅游空间承载力夏半年为15000人/d,冬半年为10240人/d,年均承载量为468.6万人次。以上结果可为杨家界景区生态旅游规划及景区管理提供参考依据。     

用工业生态学理论优化工业生产体系

工业生态是人类社会发展之必然。在阐述工业生态学基本理论的基础上,以废物再资源化为指导思想,对秦皇岛市金海粮油豆油生产进行优化组合,以豆油生产为"优势种群"(核心环节),将其生产过程中产生的"废物"作为下一生产环节的原料,即"资源—产品—再生资源"或"资源—产品—消费—再资源化"的循环式流程,建立工业生态体系,取得生态、经济和社会等多种效益的共赢。     

生态建设与环境承载力研究

由于对生态建设的艰巨性和长期性、资金需求、阻力估计不足,生态建设过于口号化,我国生态建设存在诸多问题。从环境承载力的定义入手,分析了生态建设与环境承载力的关系,提出了当前生态建设应采取发展生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游、倡导绿色消费、加强污染综合治理等措施。     

河北省建设生态工业园的对策研究

生态工业园通过将循环经济与工业生态学理论相结合,有效实现能流物复。针对目前河北省未获得批准建设的国家生态工业示范园区的现状,首先分析了生态工业园的内涵与特征,进而介绍了我国生态工业园区建设的现状,并对河北省如何建设生态工业园区提出了对策建议。     

Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum1

Granéli, Edna and Paulo S. Salomon, 2010. Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):108-120. Abstract: Some microalgae are able to kill or inhibit nutrient-competing microalgae, a process called allelopathy. Inhibiting or killing competitors enable these species to monopolize limiting resources, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Prymnesium parvum is known to produce such allelopathic compounds, substances that seem identical to the ichthyotoxins identified from this species. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence not only growth rates but also toxin/allelopathic compounds production by P. parvum cells. Toxin production, as well as allelopathy, including grazer deterrence, increases dramatically in light, temperature, or nutrient stressed P. parvum cells. Correspondingly, toxicity and allelopathy may decrease, or cease completely, if cells are grown with high amounts of N and P in balanced proportions. However, even under nutrient (N and P) sufficient conditions, P. parvum is able to produce toxins/allelopathic compounds, with negative effects on other phytoplankton species or grazers, if cells densities of P. parvum are high relative to other species. This negative effect might shift the plankton community to more toxin resistant species. Filtrates from nutrient-deficient P. parvum cultures have almost the same strong negative effect on grazers and other phytoplankton species as when Prymnesium cells are grown together with the target organisms. Eutrophication, the increased input of N and P to aquatic ecosystems, besides increasing nutrient concentrations, is usually provoking unbalanced N:P condition for the optimal growth of phytoplankton, deviating from the Redfield ratio, i.e., the phytoplankton cellular nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, N:P = 16:1 (by atoms) or 7.2:1 (by weight). Eutrophication thus both enhances P. parvum growth and increases production of toxins and allelopathic compounds. Supplying N-deficient or P-deficient P. parvum cells with the deficient nutrient reduces toxicity to less than half within 24 h after additions. As P. parvum is mixotrophic, uptake of dissolved or particulate organic N (DON or PON) can also reduce toxicity and allelopathy in the same manner as addition of inorganic N to N-starved cells. In conclusion, P. parvum, by increasing its toxicity and allelopathic ability under poor environmental conditions, outcompetes the co-occurring phytoplankton species.