Accounting for time in Mitigating Global Warming through land-use change and forestry

Many proposed activities formitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry(LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossilfuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out ofthe atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, thetiming of the effects is usually different. Many LUCFactivities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphereseveral decades into the future, whereas fossil fuelemissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO₂ greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are animportant part of emissions from deforestation inlow-latitude regions, also pose complications forcomparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since themechanism generally used to compare these gases(global warming potentials) assumes simultaneousemissions. A common numeraire is needed to expressglobal warming mitigation benefits of different kindsof projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction,C sequestration in forest plantations, avoideddeforestation by creating protected areas and throughpolicy changes to slow rates of land-use changes suchas clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as`ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism forexpressing the benefits of activities such as these ona consistent basis. One can calculate the atmosphericload of each GHG that will be present in each year,expressed as C in the form of CO₂ and itsinstantaneous impact equivalent contributed by othergases. The atmospheric load of CO₂-equivalent Cpresent over a time horizon is a possible indicator ofthe climatic impact of the emission that placed thisload in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index alsoprovides a measure of the benefit of notproducing the emission. One accounting methodcompares sequestered CO₂ in trees with theCO₂ that would be in the atmosphere had thesequestration project not been undertaken, whileanother method (used in this paper) compares theatmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO₂GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios.Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rateon C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalencecalculations to allow societal decisions regarding thevalue of time to be integrated into the system forcalculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising thediscount rate or by shortening the time horizon,increases the value attributed to temporarysequestration (such as many forest plantationprojects). A high value for time also favorsmitigation measures that have rapid effects (such asslowing deforestation rates) as compared to measuresthat only affect emissions years in the future (suchas creating protected areas in countries with largeareas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporalissues will guide mitigation efforts towards optionsthat may or may not be desirable on the basis ofsocial and environmental effects in spheres other thanglobal warming. How sustainable development criteriaare incorporated into the approval and creditingsystems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol willdetermine the overall environmental and social impactsof pending decisions on temporal issues.     

气相色谱法测定室内空气中挥发性卤代烃

建立了活性炭吸附-溶剂解吸-气相色谱测定室内空气中7种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。样品经活性炭采样管富集后,用二硫化碳解吸,Agilent HP-1色谱柱分离,使用带有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限范围是0.03~0.18 g/m3,加标回收率在72%~114%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%。结果表明,该方法可以应用于室内空气中痕量挥发性卤代烃样品的检测分析。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定废气中的锡

运用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定废气中锡的含量,选择了更高效、安全的硝酸-双氧水电热板消解体系对样品进行前处理,调节最佳仪器参数进行测定。研究表明：在0-10μg/L线性范围内,曲线相关系数可以达到0.999 6,方法检出限为0.003μg,加标回收率在92.7%-95.9%之间,RSD≤2.1。氢化物-原子荧光法测定废气中的锡,方法灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,操作简单、快捷。     

氮气搅拌下高硫铝土矿电解脱硫研究

采用氮气搅拌的方法,强化高硫铝土矿电解脱硫过程,考察了电解液配比、电流密度、气流速度等因素对脱硫率的影响。研究表明：脱硫率随电解液中NaCl含量增加而增加;电解脱硫率随着NaOH浓度和电流密度先升高后下降;增加气体流速能够显著提高电解脱硫率。基于电解脱硫特点,提出了铝土矿电解脱硫工艺与现有氧化铝生产的衔接方式。     

不同水解方法对土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量测定的影响

碳水化合物是土壤有机质的重要组成成分,其含量和特性对土壤性质有很大的影响。水解试剂的选择对土壤碳水化合物测定的准确度有着至关重要的影响,文章首次研究了不同水解方法测定土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量的差异。结果表明,中性糖的最佳水解条件为4mol·L-1三氟乙酸(TFA)在105℃下水解4h,氨基糖的最佳水解条件为6mol·L-1HCl在105℃下水解8h。此外文章实现了8种中性糖(核糖、鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖)和4种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基甘露糖和胞壁酸)同时在DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱上的基线分离且本方法具有一定的精密度和准确度。该实验的研究将为土壤中性糖和氨基糖的同时分析提供一定的技术支持和理论基础。     

气相色谱法测定废水中的茚及芳烃混合物

本文采用气相色谱法,选择中等极性的Ｔｒｉｃｒｅｓｙｌｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ与高沸点的非极性ＡｐｉｅｚｏｎＬ配成混合固定液,测定工业废水中的茚及芳烃混合物。该方法灵敏度高,再现性好,简便快速,适合测定化工、制漆、制茚树脂生产所排放的废水,同时也能检出受苯系物及高沸点的不饱合物萘等多组分污染的水体     

烟气脱硝技术及在我国的应用

氮氧化物气体是危害最大、最难处理的大气污染物之一。随着经济的发展,有效控制燃煤造成的大气污染已经刻不容缓,特别是控制燃煤过程中的氮氧化物,烟气脱硝技术显得相当重要。本文分析了几种常用的烟气脱硝技术（选择性催化还原脱硝技术、选择性非催化还原脱硝技术、碱性溶液吸收法和等离子体活化法等）的原理、技术特点以及在我国的应用情况。     

SCR烟气脱硝工艺的设计特点

选择性催化还原法(SCR)是目前国际上处理火电厂氮氧化物的最主要方法.本文从SCR工艺的原理出发,介绍了与德国STEULER公司在烟气脱硝技术方面合作的相关运行工艺.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术综合评价研究

应用模糊数学原理和层次分析法,从经济、技术和环境三方面综合评价烟气脱硫技术,使烟气脱硫技术的选择更科学。以五种典型烟气脱硫技术为评价对象,应用该综合评价方法得出石灰石-石膏法较优的结论。     

SCR 催化剂的砷中毒研究

催化剂是SCP系统的重要组成部分,研究催化剂中毒的原因,对延长催化剂的使用寿命及降低SCR系统的运行费用意义重大.本文介绍了煤燃烧过程中砷的迁移规律,利用实验的方法测定出氧化砷浓度与催化剂中毒的关系,建立了砷中毒后NOX反应速率的动力学方程,并利用国外几组SCR数据对方程进行了验证,计算值和实际值相吻合.文章并对如何降低砷的危害提出了建议.