A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas

To address challenges associated with climate resilience, health and well-being in urban areas, current policy platforms are shifting their focus from ecosystem-based to nature-based solutions (NBS), broadly defined as solutions to societal challenges that are inspired and supported by nature. NBS result in the provision of co-benefits, such as the improvement of place attractiveness, of health and quality of life, and creation of green jobs. Few frameworks exist for acknowledging and assessing the value of such co-benefits of NBS and to guide cross-sectoral project and policy design and implementation. In this paper, we firstly developed a holistic framework for assessing co-benefits (and costs) of NBS across elements of socio-cultural and socio-economic systems, biodiversity, ecosystems and climate. The framework was guided by a review of over 1700 documents from science and practice within and across 10 societal challenges relevant to cities globally. We found that NBS can have environmental, social and economic co-benefits and/or costs both within and across these 10 societal challenges. On that base, we develop and propose a seven-stage process for situating co-benefit assessment within policy and project implementation. The seven stages include: 1) identify problem or opportunity; 2) select and assess NBS and related actions; 3) design NBS implementation processes; 4) implement NBS; 5) frequently engage stakeholders and communicate co-benefits; 6) transfer and upscale NBS; and 7) monitor and evaluate co-benefits across all stages. We conclude that the developed framework together with the seven-stage co-benefit assessment process represent a valuable tool for guiding thinking and identifying the multiple values of NBS implementation.     

PPP模式在城市生活垃圾处理中的应用探讨

由于政府在城市生活垃圾的处理上所采用传统的环卫管理体制,导致在垃圾处理中存在严重的资金不足、效率不高等问题.为此,提出一种基于公私合作思想的垃圾处理的新模式.首先,引出公私合作的PPP模式,并从技术、经济和管理方面对PPP模式应用于生活垃圾处理的可行性进行论证;然后,通过分析政府与企业在垃圾处理过程中的地位,构建城市生活垃圾处理的新模型;最后,对政府和公司在应用PPP模式方面提出了行之有效的建议.     

Prescriptive conflict prevention analysis: An application to the 2021 update of the Austrian flood risk management plan

Flood events have become more frequent in Europe, and the adaptation to the increasing flood risks is needed. The Flood Directive set up a series of measures to increase European resilience, establishing Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPs) at the level of the river basin district as one relevant action. In order to efficiently fulfil this objective, the involvement of stakeholders as well as the analysis of their roles, responsibilities, and demands has been considered to be crucial to develop FRMPs. As a result, the hypothesis tested in this paper is that a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian Flood Risk Management Plan is feasible. To demonstrate this, both in-depth interviews and questionnaires to key Austrian stakeholders are implemented. The information collected in both participatory techniques are then used to run a conflict prevention analysis. The results show that (a) improving the coordination among regions and including better land-use planning approaches are preferable to a hypothetical business as usual scenario; and (b) a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian FRMP might be achievable on the basis of both a deep discussion on the state-of-the art and green infrastructure development.     

Adaptation Planning Support Toolbox: Measurable performance information based tools for co-creation of resilient,ecosystem-based urban plans with urban designers,decision-makers and stakeholders

Currently, most tools, guidelines and benchmarks for urban adaptation raise awareness on climate change impacts, assess the city’s vulnerability and/or address the need for adaptation on a policy-level. However, tools that have the ability to implement adaptation solutions in the actual urban planning and design practice seem to be missing. We developed and tested the Adaptation Planning Support Toolbox (APST) to fill this gap. This toolbox supports local policymakers, planners, designers and practitioners in defining the program of demands, in setting adaptation targets, in selecting from more than 60 blue, green and grey adaptation measures and with informed co-creation of conceptual adaptation plans. The APST provides quantitative, evidence-based performance information on (cost)effectiveness of adaptation measures regarding climate resilience and co-benefits. The APST can be used design workshops, to feed dialogues among stakeholders on where and how which ecosystem-based adaptation measures can be applied. Applications of the AST in various settings and context in cities on different continents have illustrated the added value of the toolbox in bringing policy and practice together with help of science. With more and more cities worldwide that will make the step from policymaking to actual adaptation-inclusive urban (re)development practice we foresee a growing demand for such tools.     

化工废气排放量灰色预测的GPSM（1）模型

在对ＧＩＭ（１）模型研究的基础上，提出了一种化工废气排放的单变量灰色幂级数曲线预测新模型「简称（ＧＰＳＭ（１）」，并建立了辨识模型参数的优化方法。结果表明，ＧＰＳＭ（１）在有线性输出的平稳系统中，比ＧＭ（１，１）更能反映原始资料提供的信息，系统分辨率高，同态性好，预测精度理想，为环境系统的拟合、预测分析和决策开辟了新途径，从而拓宽了ＧＭ（１，１）模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围。     

治污投资方向选择的灰靶决策法

依据灰色决策的基本原理，结合治污投资方向选择的决策实际，采用灰靶决策法对治污投资方向进行优化决策，结果表明，灰靶决策法原理直观、计算简便、精确度高，是治污投资方向选择优化决策的一种有效方法。     

论加强环境保护基础设施建设

为进一步加强环境保护基础设施建设,促进我国环境保护事业的更大发展,各级人民政府和环保部门必须研究采用各种切实有效的措施。环保部门应当参与投资决策,确保资金投向基础设施建设;认真调查研究,选好选准基础设施项目,做好项目审批;采取各种措施和政策,加大投资力度;加强对基础设施建设的领导,加强投资监管,加快建设进度。     

城市交通环境空气质量评价的灰色层次方法

本文分析了城市交通环境空气影响因素,提出了一套评价指标体系,并应用灰色理论和层次分析法建立了环境空气质量评价的灰色层次评估法。     

灰色聚类分析在环境质量评价中的应用

环境是一个“灰色系统”，可以将灰色聚类分析应用到大气环境评价中。灰色聚类可按６个步骤进行：①给出聚类白化值；②确定灰类的白化函数；③求标定聚类权；④求聚类系数；⑤构造聚类行向量；⑥聚类。将灰色聚类分析方法应用于某油田８个主要矿区的ＳＯ２、ＴＳＰ和ＮＯｘ污染物，得出它们的大气环境质量的相应等级。     

用灰色系统理论对新疆主要河流水质进行预测和分析

在对新疆河流水质现状进行分析评价的基础上,用GM(1,1)模型对今后五年内的河流水质进行了预测。