碳责任账户的目标原则、分配逻辑与框架构建：账户建立

随着全球环境问题日趋严重,企业和消费者日益认识到减缓气候变化的紧迫性。作为经济活动的主要参与者,减少温室气体排放已经成为任何单个企业及其供应链的巨大挑战。供应链的所有参与者都需要为气候减缓做出努力。现有的碳排放责任核算大多从企业的生产方面入手。最终消费者作为供应链的重要参与者,是所有生产者的最终服务对象,同样具有不可忽视的碳减排作用以及应承担的碳减排责任。本文提出以产品为导向,考虑产品生产过程中的直接碳排放和间接碳排放,建立产品碳排放基准值,对基于供应链的所有参与主体进行责任分配,进而建立基于供应链的碳责任账户。本文构建的责任体系框架具有更广泛、更有前景的应用潜力。     

北京首都机场绿色滑行时间估算

采用北京首都机场2014年实际CDM地面放行数据确定航空器的污染物排放量与离场排队飞机数量和落地滑入飞机数量的强关联性,构建包含这两个解释变量为影响因素的多元线性回归模型,用以估算几种常见机型在首都机场地面运行时的最小污染物排放量和绿色滑行时间。对比实际污染物排放量与最小污染物排放量,得出首都机场离场地面污染物排放量远远超过最小污染物排放量。     

施工工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征研究

为了量化施工工地附近社会道路因施工运输车辆带泥及遗撒造成的二次交通扬尘,对4个典型工地出口2个方向社会道路尘负荷进行了采样分析,根据AP-42交通扬尘排放模型,计算和分析了工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征.结果表明,工地出口附近道路尘负荷高于正常道路,随着距离工地出口长度的增加,尘负荷逐渐减小;工地出口2个方向共400 m道路上交通扬尘PM₁₀排放因子为正常道路的2～10倍,因施工增加的排放量相当于422～3?800 m正常道路排放.根据以上结果,结合2002年北京市施工工地时空分布数据,经计算得出,2002年北京市城八区工地出口形成的二次扬尘相当于增加了道路总长度的59%.     

延安路机动车排气污染物扩散街道峡谷扩散模式

根据上海市延安路车辆行驶工况和路旁建筑物特征,基于流体动力学理论,对延安路典型路段的大气污染扩散情况建立了城市街道峡谷扩散模型,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行的模拟和分析。对上海市的街道形状与汽车排放污染扩散情况进行讨论。     

不同小叶章湿地H2S和COS的排放通量研究

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章典型草甸两种湿地类型中H2S和COS在生长季(5-9月)的释放动态,结果表明:在两种小叶章湿地中,H2S和COS的排放通量均具有明显的季节和日变化规律.在小叶章沼泽化草甸中H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.34μg·m-2·h-1和-0.29μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章典型草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.14μg·m-2·h-1和-0.20μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量均高于小叶章典型草甸.在生长季两种小叶章湿地均能向大气释放H2S,对COS则表现为从大气中吸收.小叶章的生长过程对H2S和COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H2S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰.     

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物(在10nm-500nm范围内),稳定燃烧排放的颗粒物呈单峰正态分布,而非稳定燃烧呈近似双峰正态分布.将现场测得的浓度数据通过气溶胶动力方程转化为排放因子.结果表明,蜡烛燃烧产生的颗粒物在经过一段时间历程后,粒径谱会发生较大的变化,纳米级颗粒物逐渐消失,颗粒物的粒径有所增大.蜡烛在稳定燃烧环境下产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子为4.05×1012±0.73×1012个·g-1,在非稳定燃烧下的排放因子为1.49×1012±0.32×1012个·g-1.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

负外部成本内部化约束下的煤炭开采税费水平研究

煤炭开采中面临严重的代际负外部性和生态环境负外部性问题,分别运用使用者成本法和直接市场法测算了煤炭资源开采中的代际负外部成本和生态环境负外部成本。根据两个负外部成本充分内部化的要求,提出煤炭开采中税费水平的调整目标。以2008年为例,煤炭开采中资源税的征收标准应由目前的从量0.3-5元/t(约从价1%)提至从价10%;开采吨煤应交的生态环境费用标准应由目前的24元/t提至64.23-68.47元/t,即每吨提高40.23-44.47元。综合资源税和生态环境费用的提高幅度,煤炭开采活动中的税费水平应提高约21-22个百分点;通过比较现行税费制度下煤炭开采企业实交的资源税费、生态环境税费总额与企业应交的资源、生态环境费用总额之间的差距,指出目前我国政府对开采企业隐性税费补贴的规模水平,根据价差法计算得出取消此部分税费补贴将可以削减3 653.69万tCO2排放。     

城市产业部门CO2排放三层次核算研究

城市是人类生产和生活的中心,超过75%的温室气体从城市产生,其中又以城市产业部门能源消费和工业过程非能源产生的CO2为主。本文基于投入产出模型,评价城市产业部门3个不同层次的CO2排放。以重庆为案例,核算其2002-2008年产业部门三个层次的CO2排放,包括能源消费直接排放、购买电力间接排放和全生命周期排放,并进行多层次对比。结果显示传统能源消耗和购买电力为对象的核算方法低估了产业部门CO2排放水平。2002-2008年,重庆各产业部门排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度整体呈现下降趋势。煤炭开采和洗选业、非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业、电力、热力的生产和供应业,化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输、仓储及邮电通讯业部门共7大行业是重庆碳排放的重点行业。部门交通设备制造业是重庆的优势产业,排放总量大,但是排放强度却相对较小,因此应大力发展该产业以促进重庆市低碳经济的发展。