A VUV photoionization mass spectrometric study on the OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene with synchrotron radiation

The gas-phase organic compounds resulting from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene have been investigated on-line by VUV photoionization mass spectrometry based on synchrotron radiation for the first time. The photoionization efficiency curves of the corresponding gaseous products as well as the chosen standards have been deduced by gating the interested peaks in the photoionization mass spectra while scanning the photon energy simultaneously, which permits the identification of the pivotal gaseous products of the photooxidation of isoprene, such as formaldehyde (10.84 eV), formic acid (11.38 eV), acetone (9.68 eV), glyoxal (9.84 eV), acetic acid (10.75 eV), methacrolein (9.91 eV), and methyl vinyl ketone (9.66 eV). Proposed reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of these key products were discussed, which were completely consistent with the previous works of different groups. The capability of synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry to directly identify the chemical composition of the gaseous products in a simulation chamber has been demonstrated, and its potential application in related studies of atmospheric oxidation of ambient volatile organic compounds is anticipated.     

土壤中苯向大气挥发过程的影响因素和通量特征研究

采用通量箱(30.0 cm×17.5 cm×29.0 cm)研究砂土与黑土中苯挥发过程中的影响因素和通量变化特征.通过模拟不同空气流速、不同温度,并设定土壤类型、土壤含水量、初始浓度等条件,实时监测通量箱中各层土壤气相中和土壤上方空气中苯的浓度,来分析不同条件下苯的挥发特征.结果表明,砂土和黑土中苯的挥发通量分别随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,土壤充气空隙率相近情况下,苯在砂土中的挥发通量明显高于黑土.空气流速在300~900 mL·min-1范围内,砂土中苯挥发通量随空气流速升高而加大;在20~40℃范围内对黑土的试验结果表明,苯挥发强度受温度影响显著.苯挥发通量与土壤中苯浓度呈线性相关,其可根据土壤中苯初始浓度和水溶出浓度进行预测.     

Reactor characterization and primary application of a state of art dual-reactor chamber in the investigation of atmospheric photochemical processes

Increasing attention has been paid to the air pollution more recently. Smog chamber has been proved as a necessary and effective tool to study atmospheric processes, including photochemical smog and haze formation. A novel smog chamber was designed to study the atmospheric photochemical reaction mechanism of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the aging of aerosols. The smog chamber system includes an enclosure equipped with black lights as the light source, two parallel reactors (2 m³ of each) with separate control of light source and temperature, with a series of coupled instruments for online monitoring of gas phase and particle phase reactants and products. Chamber characterization, including air source stability, effective light intensity, temperature stability, as well as gas phase and particle phase wall losses, were carried out before further research. The results showed that our smog chamber systems developed by other domestic and international groups. It was also observed that the wall loss of aromatic VOCs varied with different functional groups as well as the isomerism. The results of preliminary simulation experiment from styrene-NO_x demonstrated that the chamber can be well utilized to simulate gas-particle conversion progresses in the atmosphere.     

新型环境测试舱研制、性能评价及释放模拟

研制了一种新型环境测试舱,此舱系统可用于研究室内材料中挥发性有机物（VOCs）释放特征和释放机理。详细介绍舱的设计,讨论舱系统的优缺点,并对舱的性能进行评价测试。结果表明,温度和相对湿度的准确性分别为≤0.5℃和≤3.1%,空气混合水平达到92.9%,回收率达到85.2%。根据回收率实验结果,用经验模型和VB模型模拟对二氯苯（p-DCB）释放,模拟结果与实测值吻合很好。     

低温条件下污泥静置沉降时间对城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能的影响

研究城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能与污泥静置沉降时间的关系,对城市污泥生物沥浸工程化应用具有指导性作用.因此,以城市生物沥浸污泥为研究对象,研究了低温条件下(5℃和15℃)污泥静置0～6d过程中,污泥pH值和脱水性能(用比阻γ表征)的变化情况.同时,对实验室污泥比阻与厢式压滤机中试结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明:温度增加将有利于污泥沉降,在实际运行中沥浸污泥可选择静置0.5d再进行压滤脱水.随着静置时间的延长,冬季(5℃)和春季(15℃)城市沥浸污泥pH值和比阻均呈逐渐上升的趋势.静置6d后,pH值分别从3.93和3.87上升到5.10和5.32,比阻γ分别从1.72×1012m·kg-1和1.76×1012m·kg-1上升到3.08×1012m·kg-1和5.82×1012m·kg-1.实验室污泥比阻测定和厢式压滤机中试结果表明,不同静置时间下污泥比阻γ与压滤机压滤脱水V-t/V曲线(V:滤液体积;t:过滤时间)斜率k呈极显著正相关关系,说明用污泥比阻γ能准确地反映出生物沥浸污泥的压滤脱水性能.这对生物沥浸技术在工程上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

燃烧室沉积物对点燃式发动机不同工况下排放的影响

第三代汽油清净剂在保持发动机喷嘴、进气阀清洁的同时,增加了燃烧室沉积物(CCD),这将增加部分污染物的排放. 通过M111发动机台架试验,测量了试验过程中CO,碳氢化合物(HC)和NO_x的排放,考察了燃烧室沉积物对不同工况下污染物排放的影响. 结果表明:燃烧室沉积物对NO_x的生成有明显的促进作用,也可能会增加CO排放;燃烧室沉积物对HC排放的影响较为复杂,一方面会增加高速工况下HC的排放,但其少量存在时可降低发动机在低速低负荷工况下的HC排放.      

水稻强化栽培体系的CH4排放特征

紫色土稻作区是川中丘陵区的主要生态系统类型,而水稻强化栽培技术因其巨大的增产潜力而日益受到关注和推广,为了解这一生态区域稻田强化栽培体系的碳过程,同时为中国紫色土地区稻田CH4排放总量提供数据依据,利用静态箱/气相色谱法原位观测水稻(Oryza Sativa Linnaeu)强化栽培体系CH4排放通量特征。结果表明:齐穗期和成熟期稻田CH4排放存在明显的日变化,曲线均为单峰单谷型;齐穗期的CH4排放速率明显高于成熟期;日变化峰值均出现在一天中温度较高的15:00,最低值均出现在在温度偏低的7:00—9:00。稻田CH4排放通量的季节变化存在2个排放高峰,分别出现在生长最为旺盛的拔节孕穗期和收获前期。地下5cm温度和气温是影响CH4排放的重要因素。常规栽培、强化覆膜及强化无膜在水稻整个生长期内CH4排放总量分别为292.332,283.533和208.422kg·hm-2,强化栽培比常规栽培CH4排放总量减少了3.0%～28.7%,但增产效果不显著。     

开缝屏蔽体的屏蔽效能仿真研究

运用电磁仿真软件FEKO进行仿真建模,对混响室条件下小尺寸开缝屏蔽腔体内部的场分布进行了仿真计算,给出了屏蔽体的屏蔽能力与混响室内电磁场的频率、入射方向和极化方向的依赖关系,并利用屏蔽效能的统计定义,讨论了屏蔽效能的特点和规律.     

氟化氢对水稻和青菜产量的影响

利用开顶式熏气装置,对水稻和青菜进行长时间的HF暴露试验。通过在熏气过程中对叶片电导率、含氟量和脯氨酸的分析比较,以及在熏气结束后对水稻穗数、千粒重和青菜鲜重的生物量统计测定,讨论和评价了HF对该作物产量的影响。     

从环境影响角度分析水泥窑除尘器选型的合理性

从水泥窑大气污染物对环境影响的角度，分析了新型干法水泥回转窑窑尾和窑头除尘器选型的合理性，包括投资、运行成本、对污染物治理和工况的适应性、操作和维修性能、可靠性、稳定性、除尘效率以及非正常排放、污染物排放量、大气环境容量、环境质量标准、气候条件等对环境的影响程度。