2种生物反硝化法去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究

采用砂柱装置,在实验室研究了自养微生物和异养微生物2种生物反硝化方法对地下水中硝酸盐的去除效果。自养反硝化反应在以硫作为电子供体的硫/石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,异养反硝化反应在石灰石/细沙反应柱中进行,进水增加乙醇作为外加碳源。实验结果用以比较2种反硝化方法在硝酸盐去除率、微生物反应动力学和反应产物三者的异同。结果表明,自养反硝化反应中NO3--N去除率达95.4%,异养反硝化反应去除率可达99.3%;分别与Monod微生物0级、1/2级和1级反应动力学方程进行拟合,2种反硝化反应均符合1/2级微生物反应动力学,适合用1/2级微生物反应方程描述;在反应结束阶段,自养反硝化主要反应产物SO42-出水浓度低于250mg/L,异养反硝化副产物CH3OO-易成为二次污染源,异养反硝化的反硝化速率明显高于自养反硝化反应。     

雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术研究进展

雨水管网是缓解城市内涝、改善水环境质量的重要市政基础设施,受管材老化腐蚀和施工过程不当等影响,我国城市雨水管网建成后普遍存在地下水入渗和污水混接问题,制约着雨水管网功能高效发挥.排水管网入流入渗诊断技术可为雨水管网混接入渗问题的识别和定位提供支持.综述了排水管网入流入渗诊断技术(物探检测技术、流量分析技术、特征因子分析技术、水动力反演模型技术)的基本原理、研究进展、应用特征等,对比分析了不同技术应用于雨水管网混接入渗诊断的适用性、实施要点、诊断水平和发展阶段等,并提出未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的发展方向.结果表明:1)特征因子分析技术可在不干扰雨水管网正常运行条件下识别和量化混接入渗问题、提供治理优先级,因此经济和环境效益显著;2)光纤分布式测温(FDTS)技术和水动力模型反演技术在无干扰定位雨水管网混接入渗方面优势显著,前者易于实施且定位精准度高,后者具有成本低且可评级混接入渗等级特点,可根据场景特征因地制宜选用;3)未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术将朝着低成本、无干扰、可量化、可定位的方向发展.通过评估不同技术在当前和未来的综合应用效果,明确了单一诊断技术难以具备未来预期特征,而特征因子分析技术耦合FDTS技术或水动力模型反演技术的分级诊断体系具有实现未来技术发展目标的优势潜力.研究可为雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的科学应用和优化创新提供参考.     

改性氢氧化镁制备及其去除地下水中Cr3+性能研究

氢氧化镁作为一种可缓慢释放OH-的碱,能使多数重金属离子转换为沉淀,而且不会引起太大的pH变化.但氢氧化镁难溶于水,在含水层中的迁移能力很差.若要用于地下水重金属污染修复,需要对氢氧化镁进行改性.因此,本文利用表面活性剂对氢氧化镁粉末进行改性,合成了氢氧化镁胶体,并对改性氢氧化镁的稳定性、粒度及其对Cr3+的稳定化效果进行了分析.结果表明,复配表面活性剂改性的氢氧化镁悬浮液稳定性好,粒径小,0.6~8.4μm的颗粒占82.41%.利用改性氢氧化镁对Cr3+污染地下水进行处理,其对Cr3+的去除机理主要为沉淀反应,氢氧化镁和Cr3+反应的质量比约为1.333∶1,氢氧化镁和初始Cr3+浓度对Cr3+的去除效果都有较大的影响.     

ASAR数据与ETM＋图像融合探测干旱区浅层地下水的应用

介绍了ETM＋图像与ASAR数据在探测浅层地下水方面的优缺点,并通过对内蒙古阿拉善左旗地区遥感资料的处理,研究了光谱图像与雷达数据融合后在探测浅层地下水方面的应用效果。研究表明该方法虽不能精确地探测到浅层地下水的埋深与范围,但对掌握宏观区域上浅表层地下水的分布较之单一数据源具有更快速、更直观的效果。     

吉兰泰盐湖盆地地下水Cr6+、As、Hg健康风险评价

选取西北干旱区吉兰泰盐湖盆地为研究对象,系统采集71个地下水样品,测定重金属Cr⁶⁺、As、Hg,以及主要化学成分的含量,以地质统计学插值绘图揭示盐湖盆地地下水中Cr⁶⁺、As、Hg的空间分布特征,以单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和US EPA健康风险评价模型解析地下水中Cr⁶⁺、As、Hg的污染及健康风险状况,以统计相关检验进行Cr⁶⁺、As和Hg的源分析.结果表明：盐湖盆地地下水中普遍含有Cr⁶⁺、As、Hg,Cr⁶⁺在盐湖上游及东北部含量较高,As在西南台地含量较高,Hg在西北部巴音乌拉山出现高值区域,其分布与变化受到天然因素和人类活动的双重影响;Cr⁶⁺、As出现局部区域超标,超标率分别为8.45%和2.82%;Cr⁶⁺主要超标区域在盐湖西南侧呈条块状分布,并在盐湖附近Cr⁶⁺含量较高;As以点状超标,分布于西南部和东北部;盐湖盆地地下水87.3%处于安全清洁状态,仅5.6%轻度污染出现在西南部,不存在中度和重度污染;通过饮用水途径的化学致癌物的健康风险值远高于非化学致癌物的健康风险值,西南部图格力高勒沟谷区域化学致癌物Cr⁶⁺超过了US EPA最大可接受风险,但整个盐湖盆地Cr⁶⁺的平均健康风险值低于US EPA最大可接受风险;As和Hg均低于US EPA最大可接受风险;盐湖盆地总致癌风险特征与Cr⁶⁺基本一致,Cr⁶⁺平均健康风险占总致癌风险贡献率的89%;Cr⁶⁺超标原因包括盐湖盆地高锰酸盐指数偏高,促使Cr³⁺氧化成为Cr⁶⁺,As与Cr存在一定的同源关系.     

Effects of Groundwater-Flow Paths On Nitrate Concentrations Across Two Riparian Forest Corridors1

Speiran, Gary K., 2010. Effects of Groundwater-Flow Paths on Nitrate Concentrations Across Two Riparian Forest Corridors. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):246-260. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00427.x Abstract: Groundwater levels, apparent age, and chemistry from field sites and groundwater-flow modeling of hypothetical aquifers collectively indicate that groundwater-flow paths contribute to differences in nitrate concentrations across riparian corridors. At sites in Virginia (one coastal and one Piedmont), lowland forested wetlands separate upland fields from nearby surface waters (an estuary and a stream). At the coastal site, nitrate concentrations near the water table decreased from more than 10 mg/l beneath fields to 2 mg/l beneath a riparian forest buffer because recharge through the buffer forced water with concentrations greater than 5 mg/l to flow deeper beneath the buffer. Diurnal changes in groundwater levels up to 0.25 meters at the coastal site reflect flow from the water table into unsaturated soil where roots remove water and nitrate dissolved in it. Decreases in aquifer thickness caused by declines in the water table and decreases in horizontal hydraulic gradients from the uplands to the wetlands indicate that more than 95% of the groundwater discharged to the wetlands. Such discharge through organic soil can reduce nitrate concentrations by denitrification. Model simulations are consistent with field results, showing downward flow approaching toe slopes and surface waters to which groundwater discharges. These effects show the importance of buffer placement over use of fixed-width, streamside buffers to control nitrate concentrations.     

自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅱ：应用

根据作者在《自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅰ：设计》中提出的自然资源资产负债表设计方案,论文以湖北省十堰市竹溪县为例,采用统计、市场价格法、替代市场法、意愿评估法等分别编制实物量表和价值量表,在此基础上分析自然资源变化与区域经济发展之间的关系。主要结论如下：1）竹溪县林木和特色资源总量呈逐年上升趋势;水资源中工业用水量逐年减少,工业用水效率不断提高,居民生活用水基本保持不变,城镇公共环境和生态环境用水逐年增加,农业发展受降水等自然条件影响较大,今后应进一步发展现代农业,提高农业用水效率。另外,土地资源有不断向建筑用地转变的趋势,未来竹溪县政府应控制建筑用地面积在合理范围内。2）竹溪县自然资源价值处于一个相对稳定的状态。4种资源中,土地资源价值量最高。人为因素对林木资源价值的影响值均为正值,且绝对值不断增加,人为因素对水资源价值的影响值为负值。3）随着竹溪县GDP增加,自然资源总量保持相对稳定,且每年人为原因对自然资源总价值的影响都是正效应。     

Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: Insights from stable isotope data

Achievement of at least “good ecological status” in all waterbodies under the EU Water Framework Directive by 2015 will in some cases be a challenge. The twin challenge is to manage expectations of policy makers for such waterbodies as to a realistic length of time required for improvement in water quality. Hence, understanding the source, transformation processes and residence time of nitrate in a hydrological system is an essential part of meeting such challenges. On a dairy farm with 24 shallow groundwater wells, the dual isotopic composition of nitrate (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) was used to clarify nitrate sources, to assess spatial and temporal variability in nitrate concentrations and to determine if and where denitrification was occurring. Vertical travel time was estimated to correlate nitrate concentrations with management practices. Organically derived nitrogen was the predominant source contributing to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Denitrification was identified as prevalent within specific regions of the study site. The distinct low temporal variability in the isotopic data suggests constancy among nitrate sources and processes over time across the study site. Vertical travel times of up to 3 years were estimated on site indicating the influence of recent management practices on nitrate concentrations. Very slow horizontal migration of groundwater (decades) indicates a legacy of older management practices. Stable isotope techniques, together with an understanding of time lag, provide an extra mechanism to test the efficacy of monitoring and mitigation programmes.