Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Atrazine in Groundwater in Parts of Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, South India

A study was carried out in a part of Palar and Cheyyar river basin to evaluate the current status of iron, manganese, zinc and atrazine concentrations, their origin and distribution in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon (March 1998 and February 1999) and pre-monsoon (June 1999) periods from 41 sampling wells distributed throughout the study area. The groundwater samples were analyzed for trace metals using AAS and atrazine using HPLC. The concentration of the trace elements in groundwater is predominant during pre-monsoon period. Distribution pattern indicates that the concentration of these elements increases from west to northeast and towards Palar river. Lower concentrations in the central part may be due to recharge of fresh water from the lakes located here. During most of the months, as there is no flow in Palar river, the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater are high. Drinking water standards indicate that Mn and Zn cross the permissible limit recommended by EPA during the pre-monsoon period. A comparison of groundwater data with trace element chemistry of rock samples shows the abundance of trace elements both in the rock and water in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn and Fe > Zn > Mn. This indicates that iron in groundwater is derived from lithogenic origin. Further, Fe, Mn and Zn have good correlation in rock samples, while it is reverse in the case of water samples, indicating the non-lithogenic origin of Mn and Zn. Atrazine (a herbicide) was not detected in any of the groundwater samples in the study area, perhaps due to low-application rate and adsorption in the soil materials.     

广东省从化温泉热矿水水化学与同位素特征

从化温泉位于广东省从化市东北,地处广从断裂带北东段,泉点沿NW及NE向次级断裂出露,热水出露于燕山期花岗岩中。温泉为中低温、偏碱性的低矿化水。热水中的阳离子以K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO^-₃为主,属于HCO₃-Na及HCO₃-Na·Ca水。热水中偏硅酸、氟含量较高,同时含有锂、锶、钡、硼酸等微量组分及放射性组分镭、氡。由D和¹⁸O组分表明热水起源于大气降水。根据玉髓温标计算的热储温度为82.14~93.52℃。由镭-氡法测定热水年龄,可知热水在地下滞留时间较短,循环较快,如开采量不大且采用采停交替的方式,有助于热水的可持续利用。     

焦作煤矿区浅层地下水污染成因及特征研究

研究了焦作煤矿区的浅层地下水污染动态，分析了焦作市的地下水污染状况，找出了地下水污染的四条途径，讨论了浅层孔隙地下水污染的主要原因是矿坑排水形成水位降落漏斗、污水灌溉及河渠渗流等，研究了地下水污染的空间分布特征和规律。     

典型水源地地下水污染风险评价

地下水污染是由含水层本身的脆弱性与人类活动产生的污染负荷造成的。污染物的荷载可以控制或改变,但是含水层的敏感性是本质的、天然的特性。污染风险不仅取决于相对稳定、不宜改变的含水层天然特征,还取决于主观的污染活动。因此,从地下水天然防污性能、地下水污染源荷载以及地下水社会效益3个方面评价了典型水源地地下水受污染的风险。     

AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER GRADIENTS IN HYPER-ARID REGIONAL SEDIMENTARY BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Although evidence of modern recharge in the North African and Arabian sedimentary basin aquifers exists, it is difficult to determine the volume of recharge. Also, from the evidence of regional groundwater gradients, the flow within the aquifers seems to be appreciably greater than one would intuitively expect. A hypotehtical model embodying the characteristics of the aquifers has been used to investigate the likely significance of various possible flow mechanisms. It is shown that while dewatering in the unconfined area can possibly contribute to flows for a considerable period of time, the maintenance of water levels in the unconfined zone must be the result of modern recharge. It is also shown that recharge depths of less than 10 mm per annum are sufficient given suitable aquifer parameters. Results for various combinations of aquifer parameters and configurations are given, including layered aquifers and the effects of restricted oufflows. Comparisons are made using a “bench mark” example. The work indicates that there is little point in carrying out conventional hydrological balance studies in hyper-arid areas and that, instead, more emphasis should be placed upon good groundwater hydrographic data and modeling.     

INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL AQUIFERS1

Many important groundwater aquifers cross state and national boundaries. The flow of water in these aquifers is not influenced by the boundaries but may be materially influenced by mans activities on one or both sides of a boundary. Interstate and international problems may develop because of excessive groundwater lowering on one side of a boundary affecting water users on the opposite side of the line. Similarly, intensive groundwater development along a surface stream may influence the amount of surface water that flows across a boundary. A third type of problem may develop when pumping on one side of the boundary induces poor quality water into an aquifer on the other side of the boundary. Several specific interstate and international aquifer problems are briefly described.     

三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型“土壤-水体”氮磷含量特征及其相互关系

利用长期田间监测数据,分析了三峡库区典型农业小流域不同土地利用类型土壤、浅层地下水氮磷含量分异特征,剖析了坡面土壤氮磷含量与浅层地下水、坡面地表径流氮磷浓度的相互关系.结果表明梯田的土壤TN平均含量显著(P0.05)高于坡耕地,水田梯田平均含量1.49 g·kg~(-1)最高;旱地坡耕地和桑树套种坡耕地土壤TP平均含量显著高于其它地类;旱地梯田土壤NO_3~--N平均含量最高,离散程度最大.坡面土地利用类型对浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N浓度影响较大,但对TP浓度影响较小;流域浅层地下水TN浓度与NO_3~--N浓度呈极显著正相关,不同坡面浅层地下水NO_3~--N对TN平均贡献率在67.82%~78.51%之间;浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N月平均浓度变化规律基本一致,春秋两季农作物施肥后均呈现明显上升趋势.坡面土壤TN平均含量与浅层地下水TN浓度呈显著指数关系,坡面土壤NO_3~--N平均含量与浅层地下水NO_3~--N浓度呈对数关系,但与坡面地表径流TN、NO_3~--N浓度无显著相关性;当坡面地表径流TP浓度0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,坡面土壤TP平均含量与其呈显著线性相关;坡面地表径流与浅层地下水TN、NO_3~--N浓度均呈显著幂函数关系,且NO_3~--N相关性更好.     

地下水波动带中细菌群落结构与水质响应关系

为揭示地下水波动带中细菌群落结构特征及其与地下水环境相互作用关系,选取哈尔滨市第一水源地作为研究区,采集地下水样品以及波动带不同深度（0~5m非饱和带和6~50m饱和带）含水介质样品,分别用于水化学分析和16S rRNA细菌高通量测序,依托冗余分析定量表述地下水质参数与细菌群落相关性.水化学分析结果显示,研究区地下水主要污染物为Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺和有机质,Fe、Mn超标与研究区特定地质背景有关,NH₄⁺和有机质主要来源于人类活动.微生物分析结果显示,非饱和带和饱和带的细菌群落结构差异性显著,非饱和带细菌群落丰度和多样性显著高于饱和带,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria为研究区优势门,在非饱和带和饱和带的累积相对丰度分别为82.89%和98.64%.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,门水平上非饱和带中与水质演化强相关的细菌类群是Bacteroidetes、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Verrucomicrobia,贡献率分别为15%、14.8%、8.9%和5.2%;饱和带中对地下水质演化起主要作用的类群为Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes,贡献率分别为38.4%、19.0%、10.8%和9.1%.属水平上非饱和带中的Pseudomonas和饱和带中的Flavobacterium对Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺生物转化起主导作用.本研究为揭示地下水波动带中生物地球化学作用对地下水环境的影响提供了科学依据,对地下水污染修复具有重要的意义.     

Influence of Riparian Seepage Zones on Nitrate Variability in Two Agricultural Headwater Streams

Riparian seeps have been recognized for their contributions to stream flow in headwater catchments, but there is limited data on how seeps affect stream water quality. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of seeps on the variability of stream NO₃‐N concentrations in FD36 and RS, two agricultural catchments in Pennsylvania. Stream samples were collected at 10‐m intervals over reaches of 550 (FD36) and 490 m (RS) on 21 occasions between April 2009 and January 2012. Semi‐variogram analysis was used to quantify longitudinal patterns in stream NO₃‐N concentration. Seep water was collected at 14 sites in FD36 and 7 in RS, but the number of flowing seeps depended on antecedent conditions. Seep NO₃‐N concentrations were variable (0.1‐29.5 mg/l) and were often greater downslope of cropped fields compared to other land uses. During base flow, longitudinal variability in stream NO₃‐N concentrations increased as the number of flowing seeps increased. The influence of seeps on the variability of stream NO₃‐N concentrations was less during storm flow compared to the variability of base flow NO₃‐N concentrations. However, 24 h after a storm in FD36, an increase in the number of flowing seeps and decreasing streamflow resulted in the greatest longitudinal variability in stream NO₃‐N concentrations recorded. Results indicate seeps are important areas of NO₃‐N delivery to streams where targeted adoption of mitigation measures may substantially improve stream water quality.     

奎屯高砷地下水灌溉区居民头发和指甲中砷含量研究

近十几年来,奎屯垦区高砷地下水被广泛用于农业灌溉,会在一定程度上降低改水措施对防治砷地方病的效果。为了解高砷地下水灌溉对居民体内砷累积的影响,选择头发和指甲作为评价指标,通过随机采集样品并用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定样品中总As及As(Ⅲ)质量比的方式,对奎屯高砷地下水灌溉区居民砷污染健康影响现况进行了研究。结果表明,头发样品中总砷质量比为0.20~1.47μg/g(n=37),其中As(Ⅲ)质量比为0.06~0.67μg/g(n=32);51.35%的样品中总砷质量比高于卫生部标准(0.60μg/g),18.92%高于中国居民头发总砷正常值上限建议值(1.00μg/g),头发总砷质量比随居民居住年限和年龄增大而增大。指甲样品中总砷质量比为0.08~0.35μg/g(n=13),且与头发中总砷质量比呈正相关,当地居民体内呈现缓慢的As蓄积特征。改水30年后,奎屯垦区居民体内仍存在较高的砷水平,高砷地下水灌溉造成的人体健康风险不容忽视。