水资源管理模式发展趋势探析

随着工业进步和社会发展,水污染亦日趋严重,已对人类的生存安全构成重大威胁,成为人类健康、经济和社会可持续发展的重大障碍。水安全与水资源管理是全球战略问题,如何进行水资源管理和研究也是当今社会面临的难题。本文就水资源管理模式发展趋势进行阐述。     

南四湖及入出湖河流水环境质量变化趋势分析

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,其水质状况一直受到人们的广泛关注. 根据南四湖流域主要入出湖河流14个监控断面及湖内5个监测站点的数据,从年际、年内、不同时间段和不同监测站点等进行了南四湖及河流水质变化趋势的综合分析. 结果表明,2007与2000年相比,南四湖入出湖河流监控断面的ρ（COD_Cr）总体下降率达到84.2%,ρ（NH₃-N）总体下降率达到79.7%. 南四湖及河流水质总体上出现了大幅度的改善,但距离稳定达到调水水质Ⅲ类标准的要求还有较大差距. 受水文情势、底泥释放和污染源以及各项污染控制措施等因素的影响,南四湖及入出湖河流监控断面水质改善存在一定的波动现象,水体富营养化形势严峻. 提出了科学合理地计算与分配南四湖养殖承载力和流域水环境承载力,重视非点源的控制与治理,大力推进“退耕还湿、退渔还湖”策略,是当务之急.      

内蒙古草地生长季植被变化对气候因子的响应

基于MODIS NDVI数据,研究分析了2000-2010年内蒙古典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原生长季NDVI时空变化趋势,探讨不同类型草地生长季NDVI对温度、降水的响应。结果表明,内蒙古草地生长季NDVI整体年增长速率为0.735%,典型草原最为明显,年增长率达到1.063%;但是仍有31.807%的草地NDVI呈现下降趋势,其中典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原分别有8.664×10⁴、6.814×10⁴、2.841×10⁴ km²。除东北部草甸草原外,大部分草地生长季NDVI与降水量的相关性高于温度;草地生长季NDVI与温度和降水的相关系数均呈现出草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原的变化规律。内蒙古草地植被变化对温度和降水的响应具有滞后作用,且具有明显的经度地带性和纬度地带性特征,其滞后时间随着经度和纬度的增加逐渐减少。     

生态补偿理论研究现状与进展

全球生态环境问题已经引起世界各国的极大关注。生态系统及其服务的可持续性是人类社会可持续发展的决定性约束因素,人类赖以生存与发展的自然环境面临威胁,修复自然生态创伤,实施生态补偿是可持续发展的必然要求。一些生态补偿关键问题成为科学研究热点,如生态系统服务功能的价值核算、生态补偿的对象、标准、途径与方法,以及资源开发和重大工程活动的生态影响评价等。总结了国内外生态补偿相关研究成果,并进行综述,为开展生态补偿研究提供借鉴。     

Adapting to new policy environment – past pattern and future trend in us-sino waste plastic trade flow

Plastics are one of the most used materials in human activities, where consumer consumption and industrial production together has imposed vast rise in demand for this material in last century. While plastic is ideally derived from crude oil as a primary source from manufacturers’ perspective, varying crude oil prices are driving manufacturers economically to seek for alternative sources for plastics production. Waste plastic recovered from obsolete consumer products thus becomes an economic substitution for virgin plastics, which is further intensified with the possibility of international waste plastic trading. This study focuses on waste plastic trade between the US and mainland China by performing a correlation analysis of trade data. It is suggested in this study that although waste plastics are traded from the US to mainland China in general, as many of us believes, the route is gradually shifting in the past years. With tightening Chinese customs regulations, waste plastic from the US now tends to take a transit in a third destination (Hong Kong SAR for instance) for preliminary treatment to bypass Chinese customs inspection. Such phenomenon is worth noting, as a complication in waste plastic trading route hinders waste plastic transboundary movement monitoring. Furthermore, it will have adverse consequent consumer, industrial, and environmental impacts. It is thus necessary for national competent authorities to strengthen cooperative study and communication capacity in the future as a response to the changing waste plastic trade pattern.     

中国灾害性冰冻天气日数气候演变空间分异特征（1961-2016年）

基于《中国冰冻数据集（V1.0）》,采用1961-2016年中国545个气象站点的结霜、雾凇、雨凇和结冰四种灾害性冰冻天气日数数据,从气候态特征、年代距平变化、变化趋势和波动特征四个方面,诊断了中国冰冻天气日数时空演变特征。结果表明:①中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数在1961-2016年具有各自典型的区域性和次区域性空间分异特征。高纬度或高海拔地区是中国灾害性冰冻天气较多发生的地区。结霜和结冰事件在分布范围和发生频率上明显高于雾凇和雨凇事件。②中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数距平具有明显的年代变化特征。中国北方的结霜和结冰日数在1960和1970年代以负距平为主,而在1980、1990、2000和2010年代逐渐演变为正距平为主;中国北方的雾凇日数和中东部的雨凇日数在1960、1970和1980年代以正距平为主,而在1990、2000和2010年代以负距平为主。③1961-2016年中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数变化趋势空间分异不尽一致。结霜、雾凇和结冰日数在高海拔和高纬度地区增减趋势较大。其中结霜日数在北方以增加趋势为主;雾凇日数则在东北、西北和内蒙古等地区以减少趋势为主;雨凇日数在中国中东部以减少趋势为主;结冰日数在西藏、黄土高原、华北平原等地以增加趋势为主。④1961-2016年中国结霜和结冰日数波动特征呈南高北低的空间分异格局。雾凇日数在华南南部和云南西部波动最大,在长江以南至华南北部、青藏高原、四川东部、湖北西部等地波动最小。雨凇日数在西南地区波动小,而在北方、东北和东南沿海地区波动大。     

A COMPARISON OF MULTIVARIATE AND TREND FORECASTING ESTIMATES WITH ACTUAL WATER USE1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a multivariate water forecasting procedure that is neither complicated, time-consuming nor expensive to operationalize. The forecasting procedure has been used to estimate the water demand for a proposed subdivision in Barrie, Ontario. Reliability is checked by applying the procedure to two existing subdivisions in Barrie for which metered consumption is available. For comparison, a trend forecasting procedure is also applied to the proposed subdivision and the existing subdivisions. Both the multivariate and trend forecasting procedures provide encouragingly accurate results when compared to actual use. While the multivariate procedure allows more precision, both procedures should be useful in forecasting water demand for smaller municipalities.     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN THE PIRACICABA RIVER BASIN,BRAZIL1

ABSTRACT: The spatial and temporal variability of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate concentration and total coliform (TC) were investigated at nine sampling stations distributed along the main rivers of the Piracicaba River Basin, a 12,400 km² catchment located in São Paulo State, one of the most developed regions of Brazil. Spatially, a downstream impoverishment of water quality conditions was observed, as seen by the decrease of DO, and increase of BOD, nitrate, and TC. These changes were probably caused by accumulating downstream discharge of domestic and industrial sewage. Temporal evaluation of 18 years of data showed that DO decreased with time for the majority of the sampling stations, while BOD, nitrate, and TC increased. A law, approved at the end of 1991, proposed a new water tax for river water extraction for industrial and agricultural use. The amount of this tax is determined according to the water quality of the extracted water. Therefore, the evaluation of the water quality status in this basin is a first step to help resources managers to determine the values for this tax.     

提高农业用水有效性的水文学研究

中国北方15个省、区、市耕地面积占全国的55%,灌溉面积占全国灌溉总面积的48%,而水资源总量仅占全国的20%。区域水资源短缺和农业的进一步发展,要求提高农业用水有效性。本文从水文学角度,研究了华北、西北和东北3个地区水土资源特征;分析了作物熟制和适水种植的节水效益、农田供水量与产量的函数关系、农田棵间蒸发量和控制措施,以及提高高产农田用水有效性等水文试验研究结果;介绍了河北省南皮节水农业试验区的研究模式。