NEWS

Abstract

In the light of the historical substantial data (covering a 70-year period) collected in the Lower Jingjiang segment and aided by topological grey method, here we attempt to characterize the occurrence and future trend of flood calamities in the study area. Our findings indicate that overall the high-frequent flood disasters with middle to lower damage prevail at present. A series of dramatic flood waves will appear in the years of 2016, 2022, 2030 and 2042, particularly a destructive flood will occur between 2041 and 2045 in the Lower Jingjiang reaches. Typical of sensitive response to flood hazards in close association with its special geographical location, the lower Jingjiang segment hereby can reflect the development trend of floods in the middle Yangtze reaches. According to the results, a good fitness was revealed between the prediction and practical values. This actually hints that the topological grey method is an effective mathematical means of resolving problems containing uncertainty and indetermination, thus providing valuable information for the flood prediction in the middle Yangtze catchment.     

GIS在重大危险源控制方面的应用

系统地总结出GIS在重大危险源控制方面的应用现状,简要介绍了地理信息系统的概念及其在我国重大危险源控制方面的应用,主要阐述了GIS在城市重大危险源事故管理系统、重大危险源监控系统及城市应急救援联动系统中的应用,并尝试提出GIS在重大危险源控制方面应用的发展趋势,为GIS技术在我国重大危险源控制方面的应用发展提供借鉴.     

GIS应用于城市重大危险源监控的综述

系统地总结出GIS在重大危险源监控方面的应用现状,简要介绍了地理信息系统的概念及其在重大危险源监控方面的作用。重点论述利用GIS的基本功能强化重大危险源安全管理;利用WebGIS技术对整个地区的重大危险源进行监控,实现信息共享;利用基于GIS的监控预警技术,降低事故率;利用GIS和GPS结合的方法,减少事故引发的损失;利用GIS决策支持技术,指导监控及应急救援。经过分析论证得出的结论是:研究GIS空间分析、模型分析和基础数据的获取技术是今后努力的方向。提出GIS在重大危险源监控方面的应用的发展趋势,为GIS技术在我国重大危险源监控方面的应用发展提供借鉴。     

Monitoring Long-term Trends in Sulfate and Ammonium in US Precipitation: Results from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network

Data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) indicate significant changes have occurred in precipitation chemistry and the chemical climate in the United States (US). A Seasonal Kendall Trend (SKT) analysis shows statistically significant increases in precipitation ammonium concentrations at 64% of 159 continental US NADP/NTN sites evaluated from Winter 1985 to Fall 2004 (Dec. 1984 – Nov. 2004). Sulfate decreases were widespread, with an SKT analysis indicating statistically significant decreases at 89% of sites evaluated. Ratios of chemical equivalent concentrations of ammonium to sulfate in precipitation have risen to the extent that ammonium now exceeds sulfate over more than half of the continental U.S. on a precipitation-weighted-mean annual basis. These trends in the concentrations of ammonium, sulfate, and other species have been accompanied by significant decreases in the frequency of acidic precipitation (pH < 5.0) in the last decade.     

玉米对土壤中重金属铅的吸收特性及污染防治

通过山东五莲玉米盆栽试验,研究作物对土壤中铅的吸收效应,探讨环境土壤重金属元素对作物和人类健康的影响.玉米盆栽试验表明,当土壤中加入不同比例的铅时(0～4 000 mg/kg),基本没有观察到铅对玉米的毒害病症,铅对作物的生长发育没有明显的宏观影响.但微区调查揭示,玉米对土壤中的铅具有强烈的吸收性,并可残留在作物的各个部位,且吸收量随土壤中铅添加量的增加而提高;其中根系的吸收性最强,是秸杆、籽实的几十至几千倍,表明作物根系为秸杆、籽实对铅的吸收提供了良好的屏障.不同铅化合物对作物吸收铅的影响不尽相同,用Pb(NO3)2处理的铅吸收量比用PbCl2处理的明显偏高,特别是当土壤中铅添加量较高时,该特征更为显著;而用PbCl2处理的作物,当铅添加量达到一定程度后,除根系外,作物对铅的吸收趋于饱和.运用根系对土壤中铅的特殊吸收性,可以在铅污染的土壤区通过自然作物栽培,并将作物根系从土壤中清除,来逐渐达到环境土壤修复的目的.     

华东地区地震成组活动特征及未来趋势的定量分析

对华东地区1300年以来中强地震活动特征,利用强震组增益P、强震组效能R和强震组分布变异值S等三种指标进行了定量分析,结果显示该区不同时段、不同震级的地震活动呈现不同的特征和分布类型; 同时用b值方法分析了目前地震活动状态;在此基础上应用泊松模型对未来地震趋势进行了概率预测.     

EVALUATION OF NITRATE DATA IN THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA (1953–2002)1

ABSTRACT: Nitrate levels in the Ocklawaha River Basin in north central Florida were reviewed over a 50‐year period. Data were obtained from the literature, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) STOrage and RETrieval (STORET), and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) databases. The study objective was to determine whether nitrate concentrations are increasing and if so, whether this increase is linked to land use changes. Increasing nitrate levels were seen at 5 of the 14 stations, while other stations showed no trend or a decreasing trend. Median nitrate concentrations in the Ocklawaha River increased from 0.07 mg‐N/L to 0.78 mg‐N/L at sites downstream from the Silver River. Throughout the Rodman Reservoir, median nitrate concentrations decreased from 0.48 mg‐N/L to 0.01 mg‐N/L and increased to 0.04 mg‐N/L after the Kirkpatrick Dam. Flow and concentration relationships were correlated for five stations. At four of the five stations nitrate concentrations decreased in response to increasing flow, likely the result of dilution with nitrate poor water. Changes in land use over a 20‐ year period (1970 to 1990) also were monitored. Sources of nitrate have been linked by isotopic analysis to organic and inorganic fertilizers, which appear to be related to increased urbanization and an increase in lawns that require nutrient fertilization.     

GIS在山东省震后早期应急系统中的应用

本文将地理信息系统（GIS）应用于震后早期地震形势判定，地震灾情快速了解，地震监测能力汇总显示等地震应急工作，建立了山东省震后早期地震应急信息系统，实现以历史地震活动信息和地震地质构造背景为基础，以最大概率法给出地震早期形势的判定。同时快速给出震中附近各种历史地震特点，快速给出灾害的影响范围和震区地震监测能力的统计分析结果，为地震早期应急工作提供高显示度的综合信息。     

煤与瓦斯突出预测技术研究现状及发展趋势

对矿井煤与瓦斯突出预测方法的研究现状及发展趋势进行了论述及分析。目前我国大量使用的是钻屑量S、钻孔瓦斯涌出初速度q、瓦斯解吸指标Δh2 、瓦斯放散指数ΔP等钻孔静态预测方法 ,这些方法花费大量的人力、物力和财力 ,而且准确性较低。而声发射和电磁辐射等方法是很有前途的预测方法。未来煤与瓦斯突出预测的发展趋势是 ,利用声发射监测技术对变形破裂剧烈区域进行定位 ,利用电磁辐射监测技术工作面非接触连续预测 ,再结合现有的环境监测系统监测的瓦斯动态涌出对煤与瓦斯突出现象进行准确预测     

从城考结果看城市污水处理的发展趋势

分析了我国十年来重点城市污水处理的发展和现状 ,以及污水处理存在的问题 ,对“十五”期间城市环境综合整治定量考核中城市生活污水处理率和城市生活污水的处理水平提出新的要求