黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析

利用2012年9月22日~10月28日黄山地区大气气溶胶、二氧化硫和臭氧观测数据,结合气象数据,分析气溶胶新粒子的生成-增长特征.分析发现,在33个有效观测日中,有新粒子生成-增长的观测日占总数的18.2%,其中晴天的发生频率为37.5%,新粒子生成-增长都开始于晴天上午,与无新粒子观测日相比,太阳辐射量、风速、SO2及O3浓度较高,环境温度和相对湿度较低.气溶胶新粒子的增长具有由小及大的特点,核模态气溶胶粒子(10~20nm)数浓度最先增加,爱根核模态粒子(20~50nm)数浓度随着时间推移逐渐增大,但浓度峰值依次下降,平均增长率为3.58nm/h. SO2浓度先于核模态气溶胶数浓度到达峰值,其氧化后的产物H2SO4为新粒子的核化提供前体物,并且参与新粒子的增长过程,当SO2浓度较低时,不会发生新粒子生长事件.     

Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment

Nanoscale iron particles (nZVI) is one of the most important engineered nanomaterials applied to environmental pollution control and abatement. Although a multitude of synthesis approaches have been proposed, a facile method to screen the reactivity of candidate nZVI materials produced using different methods or under varying synthesis conditions has yet been established. In this study, four reaction parameters were adjusted in the preparation of borohydride-reduced nZVI. The reductive properties of the resultant nanoparticles were assayed independently using two model aqueous contaminants, Cu(II) and nitrate. The results confirm that the reductive reactivity of nZVI is most sensitive to the initial concentration of iron precursor, borohydride feed rate, and the loading ratio of borohydride to ferric ion during particle synthesis. Solution mixing speed, in contrast, carries a relative small weight on the reactivity of nZVI. The two probing reactions (i.e., Cu(II) and nitrate reduction) are able to generate consistent and quantitative inference about the mass-normalized surface activity of nZVI. However, the nitrate assay is valid in dilute aqueous solutions only (50 mg·L⁻¹ or lower) due to accelerated deactivation of iron surface at elevated nitrate concentrations. Additional insights including the structural and chemical makeup of nZVI can be garnered from Cu(II) reduction assessments. The reactivity assays investigated in this study can facilitate screening of candidate materials or optimization of nZVI production parameters, which complement some of the more sophisticated but less chemically specific material characterization methods used in the nZVI research.     

蒸汽相变促进可溶PM2.5凝结增长的数值分析

为利用蒸汽相变原理促进氨法脱硫系统排放细颗粒物(PM2.5)的脱除,建立多分散颗粒的凝结增长动力学模型,利用数值模拟方法研究了可溶硫酸铵颗粒的凝结增长规律,并将典型粒径可溶与不可溶颗粒的凝结增长过程进行对比分析.结果表明:不同粒径硫酸铵颗粒的增长速率相近,等温系统的凝结增长效果优于绝热系统;对于同一初始粒径分布下的可溶和不可溶颗粒,微米尺度可溶颗粒的增长速率始终大于不可溶颗粒,亚微米尺度可溶颗粒的增长速率先大于而后小于不可溶颗粒,使得二者的增长曲线存在一个交叉点;蒸汽饱和度增大能显著促进硫酸铵颗粒的增长;等温系统中温度对硫酸铵颗粒的增长影响显著,绝热系统中温度的影响较弱.     

污泥负荷对生物处理系统耐药细菌的影响研究

为了研究污水生物处理工艺中抗药性细菌生长和分布特性及污泥负荷的影响,构建了不同处理负荷的活性污泥工艺,并以磺胺嘧啶抗性异养菌为例,阐述了污泥负荷对活性污泥系统中典型抗药细菌的生长及排放特性的影响.结果表明,污泥负荷增大有利于磺胺嘧啶抗性异养菌的生长繁殖,负荷提高后净比生长速率和细菌产量分别由0.32d-1和2.3×106CFU/d提高至0.33d-1和3.1×106CFU/d,活性污泥、出水和剩余污泥中抗药菌的浓度也均显著提高(P < 0.05),但对抗药细菌的相对丰度无显著改变.低污泥负荷下[0.24kg COD/(kg MLSS?d)]抗药细菌主要通过剩余污泥形式排放,排放量比(泥中排放量/水中排放量)为28.4;负荷提高至0.4kg COD/(kg MLSS?d)后,出水抗药细菌排放量显著提高,排放量比为1.1.处理相同水量,高污泥负荷下排放的抗药细菌总量明显降低,提高污泥负荷有利于活性污泥系统抗药性风险的控制.     

Sustainable development in the BRICS countries: an efficiency analysis by data envelopment

There is much concern about the social and environmental impacts caused by the economic growth of nations. Thus, to evaluate the socio-economic performance of nations, economists have increasingly addressed matters related to social welfare and the environment. It is within the scope of this context that this work discusses the performance of countries in the BRICS group regarding sustainable development. The objective of this study regards evaluating the efficiency of these countries in transforming productive resources and technological innovation into sustainable development. The proposed objective was achieved by using econometric tools as well as the data envelopment analysis method to then create economic, environmental, and social efficiency rankings for the BRICS countries, which enabled to carry out comparative analyses on the sustainable development of those countries. The results of such assessments can be of interest for more specific scientific explorations.     

铅处理对茴香植株生长及精油组分的影响

为了揭示铅对茴香（Foeniculum vulgare L.）生长和次生代谢产物-精油组分的影响及茴香植株对铅的吸收累积特性,本试验采用水培方法,在霍格兰营养液中加入铅,设计0（对照）、1 mg·L^-1、5 mg·L^-1、10 mg·L^-1处理,研究了不同铅质量浓度对茴香植株生长、精油组分及茴香植株对铅吸收累积的影响。结果表明：不同铅质量浓度处理对茴香植株的形态、生物量、色素质量分数、碳和氮质量分数、铅的吸收累积及精油组分均有影响。随着铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株的株高呈降低趋势,且各处理之间差异显著,真叶数大致也呈降低趋势,但仅10 mg·L^-1处理显著低于对照,各处理的最大叶长差异均不显著,最大叶宽仅对照与5 mg·L^-1处理之间差异显著。随着铅质量浓度的增加,地上部鲜质量和干质量均呈逐渐降低趋势,且铅处理后的地上部鲜质量和干质量均显著低于对照,地下部鲜质量和干质量呈逐渐升高趋势,但铅处理后的地下部鲜质量和干质量与对照差异均不显著,根冠比呈逐渐增加趋势,但仅10 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照。随着铅质量浓度的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数均呈降低趋势,且均低于对照,叶绿素a/叶绿素b以5 mg·L^-1处理最高,但仅显著高于1 mg·L^-1处理。铅处理后,可溶性蛋白质质量分数均高于对照,但仅1 mg·L^-1处理和5 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照,全氮质量分数与可溶性蛋白质质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,但各处理之间差异均不显著;随铅质量浓度的增加,可溶性糖质量分数呈降低趋势,除1 mg·L^-1处理显著高于对照外,其余铅处理均显著低于对照,各处理的全碳质量分数与对照差异均不显著。随铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株对铅的吸收累积显著增加。不同铅质量浓度处理下的反式-茴香脑含量和含氧化合物均显著低于对照,以5 mg·L^-1铅处理最低,而柠檬烯含量和单萜类化合物均显著高于对照,以5 mg·L^-1铅处理最高;随铅质量浓度的增加,倍半萜类化合物含量呈降低趋势,且均低于对照。因此,铅能抑制茴香植株的生长;随铅质量浓度的增加,茴香植株对铅的吸收累积显著增加;铅处理能影响茴香精油组分,显著降低反式-茴香脑和含氧化合物含量,而显著提高柠檬烯和单萜类化合物含量。     

敌百虫对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价水域环境中敌百虫(trichlorfon)污染对两栖类幼体的急性毒性,将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)28～29期(Gos-ner)蝌蚪分别暴露于10～30 mg· L-1敌百虫5个不同浓度的水体中,分别在24、48、72和96 h统计蝌蚪的死亡率,计算半致死浓度(LC50).结果显示,暴露24、48、72和96 h,敌百虫对蝌蚪的LC50分别为14250±3.23、49.19±128、25.68±2.04、1555±1.93 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为156±0.19 mg· L-1.蝌蚪中毒后尾部多呈弯曲状,仰翻,外观浮肿.对死亡蝌蚪的解剖表明,其鳃腔内充水,内鳃萎缩,肝脏、肠管和肾脏呈灰白色.另外,将28～29期蝌蚪分别暴露于0.2 ～ 2.0 mg·L-1敌百虫4个不同浓度的水体中进行慢性暴露实验,检测蝌蚪暴露28和42 d时的体重和体长以及75％个体变态所需的时间.结果表明,蝌蚪在低剂量敌百虫水体中持续暴露,其生长发育受到明显抑制,并可导致蝌蚪身体扭曲、尾部强直性弯曲等畸型发生,蝌蚪的死亡率显著增高,作用强度呈现剂量和时间的累积效应.慢性暴露实验证明SC以下的敌百虫水体仍威胁着蝌蚪的生存.     

Comparison of growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae under different nutrient conditions

This study compared the growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae, namely, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 and Chlorella sp. HQ, under different nutrient conditions. Both algal species obtained the highest biomass, lipid content and lipid yield under low-nutrient conditions （mBGll medium）. The biomass, lipid content and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were 0.42g·L^-1, 22.5% and 93.8mg·L^-1, respectively. These values were relatively higher than those of Chlorella sp. HQ （0.30g·L^-1, 17.1% and 51.3mg·L^-1, respectively）. These algae were then cultivated in an SE medium that contained more nutrients; as a result, the biomass and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 reduced more significantly than those of Chlorella sp. HQ. Opposite results were observed in lipid and triacylglycerols （TAGs） contents. The cell sizes of both algal species under low-nutrient conditions were larger than those under high-nutrient conditions. Chlorella sp. HQ cells did not aggregate, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 cells flocculated easily, particularly under low-nutrient conditions. In summary, low-nutrient conditions favour the growth and lipid production of both algae, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 outperforms Chlorella sp. HQ.     

3种浮床植物生长特性及氮、磷吸收的优化配置研究

选取美人蕉、再力花和千屈菜3种当地常见植物作为研究对象,构建上海市淀山湖富营养化治理生态浮床工程,对3种植物的生长特性、氮磷吸收能力的优化配置进行比较研究.结果表明,成活率为:美人蕉83.33%,再力花83.33%,千屈菜为76.67%.除千屈菜外,其他2种植物基本没有出现病虫害,收割时再力花和美人蕉两种植物的生物量较移栽时均有明显增加,分别为3.65kg/株和2.40kg/株;3种植物对水体TN、TP的吸收能力差异显著(P￡0.05),单位面积磷吸收量排序为美人蕉>再力花>千屈菜;单位面积氮吸收量大小排序为再力花>美人蕉>千屈菜.美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为4:3时,混作浮床系统比单种美人蕉时磷吸收量低7.72g/m2,但是氮吸收量却高85.42g/m2,所以此种面积搭配的浮床系统能够在保证较高水平磷吸收量的条件下,具有比单种美人蕉的浮床系统更强的氮去除能力;美人蕉与再力花栽种面积比为3:4时,混作浮床系统较单种再力花时氮吸收量降低21.09g/m2,磷吸收量高出7.72g/m2,故此面积搭配的混作浮床系统能够在保证氮吸收量较高的同时,比单种再力花的浮床系统吸收更多的磷.     

深圳市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征与来源识别

利用大流量主动采样器于2009年12月~2010年1月及2010年6月,分冬季与夏季两批次对深圳市13个点位进行大气样品采集,检测其气相及颗粒相中总的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度.结果表明,冬季深圳市大气中总PAHs的浓度为17.9~92.3ng/m3,平均值为45.3ng/m3;夏季总PAHs浓度范围为8.64~96.3ng/m3,平均值为32.2ng/m3.两个季节PAHs单体中均以3~4环为主,占总浓度的75%以上;单个组分与总量的相关性分析表明,夏季明显优于冬季.来源分析表明,冬季大气中PAHs来源比夏季更为复杂,通过特征分子比值法推断冬季PAHs主要来源于石油源、燃煤、机动车尾气排放;夏季主要来源于机动车尾气排放.利用毒性当量因子法和致癌风险评价其污染水平和毒性风险,结果表明深圳市大气中PAHs污染与国内部分城市相比,处于较低水平.