海洋微藻对游离氨基酸的利用特性研究

分别以4种游离氨基酸——丙氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸为唯一氮源,采用实验室一次性培养的方法,研究典型赤潮藻——东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeoecystis globosa)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)及常见种类中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生长特性、光合特征及对氨基酸的吸收动力学特征,以无机氮源硝氮、氨氮作为对照.研究结果表明,在无菌条件下,东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻可以利用多种游离氨基酸快速生长,而米氏凯伦藻和中肋骨条藻在以游离氨基酸为唯一氮源条件下不能维持生长.东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻在丙氨酸中的生长速率最高,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸次之,甘氨酸最低.氨基酸处理组的Fv/Fm值在培养后期降幅小、降速慢,且高于无机氮处理组.东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻对丙氨酸的最大吸收速率和半饱和常数分别为3.32、0.41pmol·cell-1·h-1和6.99和20.54pmol·L-1.因此,海洋微藻对游离氨基酸的吸收利用具有显著的种间差异,东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻具有更广的氮营养生态位,在近海有机污染不断加剧的背景下,更容易形成优势甚至暴发赤潮.     

Regional features of the radial growth of larch in north central Siberia according to millennial tree-ring chronologies

A 1138-year tree-ring chronology has been constructed for the region of the Bol’shoi Avam River (the Putoran Plateau). Its comparison with millennial chronologies for the Taimyr Peninsula and Mangazeya has shown that all these chronologies are fairly synchronous with respect to both high-frequency (annual) and low-frequency (long-term) components, although each has its specific regional features. The results of dendroclimatic analysis provide evidence for the prevailing influence of air temperature in July (compared to that in June) on the radial growth of larch in the middle reaches of the Bol’shoi Avam. Consistent long-term changes in radial tree increment (and in summer air temperature) in a large sector of the Subarctic over the past 1000 years have been revealed.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: TAKING STOCK

There is a long-standing debate on the relationship between economic development and environmental quality. From a sustainable development viewpoint there has been a growing concern that the economic expansion of the world economy will cause irreparable damage to our planet. In the last few years several studies have appeared dealing with the relationship between the scale of economic activity and the level of pollution. In particular, if we concentrate on local pollutants many empirical contributions have identified a bell-shaped curve linking per capita pollution to per capita GDP (in the case of global pollutants like CO₂ the evidence is less clear-cut). This behavior implies that, starting from low per capita income levels, per capita emissions or concentrations tend to increase but at a slower pace. After a certain level of income (which typically differs across pollutants) – the “turning point” – pollution starts to decline as income further increases. In analogy with the historical relationship between income distribution and income growth, the inverted-U relationship between per capita income and pollution has been termed “Environmental Kuznets Curve”. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an overview the literature: there are several survey papers around doing precisely that. We instead reconsider the explanations that have been put forth for its inverted-U pattern. We consider the literature from this perspective. In addition, without resorting to any econometric estimation, we consider whether simple data analysis can help to shed some light on the motives that can rationalize the Environmental Kuznets Curve. This paper is part of the research work being carried out by the Climate Change Modelling and Policy Unit at Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and has been prepared for the 2004–2005 ESRI Collaboration Project. The author is grateful to Nicola Cantore for skillful assistance.     

Intrapopulation Differentiation by the Rates of Rosette Growth and Individual Plant Development in Narrow-Leaved Hawk’s Beard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crepis tectorum</Emphasis> L.): Aftereffects of Long-Term Stress

Aftereffects of exposure to long-term chemical pollution with fluorine and sulfur compounds on intrapopulation differentiation of the rates of growth and development has been studied on Crepis tectorum L. progenies obtained from seeds collected in a pollution gradient and grown in a greenhouse under uniform ecological conditions. The results have shown that long-term stress (exposure to toxic gaseous pollutants) leads to significant changes in the intrapopulation structure, which are manifested in an increase in the proportion of plants with a low rate of development, a low relative rate of the linear growth of metameres (leaves), but a higher relative rate of their formation.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 243–251.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Trubina.     

汉江上游小流域土地利用及水土流失初探

汉江流域丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的水源地，其周边及上游流域生态环境对于保证库区生态安全具有重要意义。利用汉江上游流域的数字高程模型进行子流域划分，分析了汉江上游及子流域的土地利用／土地覆盖特征，并结合利用土壤侵蚀强度分级标准和数字高程图（DEM），对流域的水土流失进行初步估算。研究结果表明，除丹江口库区周边及汉中盆地的森林灌丛覆盖率相对较低之外，其它亚流域的森林覆盖率都在50％以上。上游中部地区的水土流失现象较为严重，尤其是大巴山的北坡和秦岭的旬河流域，而汉中盆地与丹江口库区周边的水土流失相对较轻。研究结果可为流域的环境治理及生态恢复提供支撑，对南水北调中线工程水源地保障具有重要意义。     

Experimental Study on the Effects of Population Density of Bloodsucking Mosquito (Aedes communis Deg.) Larvae on Their Biological Characteristics

Results of laboratory experiments on the effects of population density of Aedes communis Deg. larvae on their growth, survival, and sex ratio are presented. At the highest density, larval mortality increased by factors of 1.5 and 2.2, the duration of preimaginal development increased significantly, and the weight of pupae was 11 and 14.7% smaller than in low-density populations. The sex ratio was the same in both cases. The absolute numbers and the biomass of insects per cultivation vessel were greater in high-density populations.     

西部地区中小企业成长环境分析与优化途径

中小企业是西部地区经济建设中不可忽视的重要力量，在西部大开发和加入WTO的双重背景下，他们面临着新的机遇和挑战。发展西部地区的中小企业，直接关系到西部大开发战略实施的成效，应对这个“弱热群体”给予更多的关注。为促进西部地区中小企业的发展，中央政府应加大合理干预的力度；西部地区各级政府应积极实施职能创新为中小企业的成长创造条件；中小企业自身在管理和技术上应寻求新的突破口和着力点，合理定位优势产业。     

"脱钩"评价模式及其对循环经济的影响

主要介绍西方研究经济增长与物质消耗关系的“脱钩”理论的两种主流评价模式：IU曲线和总量研究。通过对它们评价手段、评价过程的进一步比较、分析，作乾提出从理论推导和实际应用需求两方面看，利用IU曲线评价“脱钩”都存在一定的缺陷，应该对总量研究的评价模式给予更多关注，才能更深刻地体现循环经济实施过程中对可循环利用资源的需求迫切性。     

Trisomy 16 confined to the placenta

Two cases with trisomy 16 confined to the placenta are presented. Prenatal diagnosis was indicated because of fetal growth retardation. In case 1, a phenotypically normal but small-for-date boy was born. In case 2, the fetus turned out to be triploid on cordocentesis. In both instances the trisomy 16 was recovered from the placenta. Recovery indicates that the abnormality was present in the placenta during the time of fetal growth retardation, which supports an aetiological relationship. Strict appliance of the current models cannot readily explain the observed discrepancies. In case 2, a chimeric placenta as a result of a vanishing twin is assumed. Cases of placental trisomy 16 published after 1988 are reviewed. It is concluded that confined placental trisomy 16 can cause intrauterine growth retardation if present in both the direct preparation and the villus culture. The chances of finding a chromosomally abnormal fetus (mosaic trisomy 16, triploidy) after diagnosis of trisomy 16 in chorionic villi are low but warrant further investigations.     

聚乙烯与磺胺二甲嘧啶复合胁迫对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长生理特征的影响

土壤环境中微塑料吸附抗生素产生复合污染已不可避免,但二者复合胁迫下的植物生物效应尚不清楚.以大豆品种晋豆21号为试材,采用种子萌发试验和幼苗盆栽试验研究聚乙烯（PE）和磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMZ）不同单一及复合处理对大豆种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数和氮代谢的影响.结果表明,单一PE处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长生理的影响总体表现为"低促高抑"的规律,较低水平PE［10 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1）］处理对大豆种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合作用和氮代谢有促进作用,但较高水平PE［100 mg ·L^-1和200 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1）］的抑制作用显著;单一SMZ处理对大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长生理产生不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制程度随着SMZ处理水平的增加呈升高趋势.不同水平PE和SMZ复合处理下,较低水平PE的加入能够缓解单一SMZ处理对大豆的抑制作用,以10 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1） PE+1 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1） SMZ处理的综合缓解效果最佳,具体表现为较单一SMZ处理增加了大豆种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、株高、根长、地上部及根部鲜重、P_n、G_s、T_r、叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、ETR、qP和NR等氮代谢关键酶活性,降低了种子平均发芽时间、C_i、NPQ、NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量;而较高水平PE的加入增强了SMZ处理对大豆的抑制作用,且抑制程度随着SMZ处理水平的增加呈升高趋势,其中200 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1） PE+50 mg ·L^-1（或mg ·kg^-1） SMZ处理的抑制程度最大.综上可知,低水平PE能够一定程度缓解单一SMZ胁迫对大豆种子和幼苗的抑制作用,而高水平PE的加入则与SMZ产生协同作用,加剧了单一胁迫处理的毒害效应.