Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

土壤中四环素类抗生素降解及对小白菜根系生长发育的影响

采用土培试验,分析了小白菜(Brassica campestris L.)的发芽率、生物量和根长指标对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性,比较了不同土壤中四环素类抗生素污染对小白菜根长生长的影响,并研究了四环素类抗生素在不同土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,小白菜对3种抗生素的敏感性为根长发芽率生物量.抗生素处理土壤30 d时,4种土壤中小白菜根长对3种抗生素胁迫的敏感性均为砖红壤红壤青紫泥黑土;同种抗生素在4种土壤中的降解率为黑土青紫泥红壤砖红壤,同种土壤中3种抗生素的降解率为土霉素金霉素四环素.相关性分析发现,土壤中四环素类抗生素的含量与土壤有机质、氮磷钾含量和阳离子交换量呈显著负相关.     

基于地基观测及源清单的2017-2019年德州市秋冬季大气污染防治效果评估

为评估污染减排措施实施效果,基于地基观测及排放清单数据,运用WRF中尺度气象模型和CAMx空气质量模型,对德州市2017-2019年秋冬季大气污染攻坚实施效果进行了评估.结果表明,2017-2018年秋冬季,德州市ρ（PM_2.5）同比下降31.7%,高于京津冀及周边地区平均水平（25.6%）,大气污染攻坚措施成效显著;2018-2019年秋冬季,德州市ρ（PM_2.5）同比增加8.5%,高于京津冀及周边地区平均水平（4.2%）,这与不利气象条件及排放量同比减少有关.观测结果显示,2018-2019秋冬季,德州市PM_2.5中无机组分、一次排放示踪物以及SO₂和CO等气态前体物浓度较上一年度呈下降趋势,ρ（SOA）（SOA为二次有机气溶胶）、ρ（NH₄+）同比有大幅增长,增幅分别为53.8%和19.1%,这与大气中VOCs（挥发性有机物,增加46.5%）及大气氧化性（增加6.4%）的增加密切相关,表明德州市复合型大气污染加剧,PM_2.5防控难度加大.综合气象和减排评估结果可知,2017-2018年秋冬季,气象条件（13.4%）和长效措施（9.4%）是德州市PM_2.5改善的两个主要因素;2018-2019年秋冬季,长效措施减排效果较为有限,减排主要来自预警应急（5.0%）和区域减排（5.2%）,若仅考虑不利气象条件的影响,将导致同比约19.9%的反弹.因此,持续深入推进长效减排措施,降低污染物排放水平,是德州市实现空气质量改善的根本途径.      

Ti(IV)与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石薄膜弱紫外光杀菌研究

采用共沉淀水热合成和离子交换的方法,制备了钛与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2:HAP)(HAPTiCu),以大肠杆菌为目标物,研究了不同材料负载的多孔镍网薄膜在弱紫外光下的杀菌活性.结果表明,HAPTiCu在弱紫外光下具有高效杀菌效率,并远远高于HAPTi和P25 TiO2薄膜.这主要是铜离子的抗菌与光催化分解细菌的协同作用的结果.电子自旋共振(ESR)研究表明杀菌反应的主要活性物种是O2-.HAPTiCu薄膜释放的铜离子在光催化杀菌反应过程中,被光催化还原沉积在表面,导致了较低的铜离子溶出,从而保证了材料的稳定性.     

农业生产转型及其环境效应的研究进展与展望

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的关键路径,亟待探索农业生产转型与其环境效应的耦合关系与机制,从而推进农业的高质量发展。近年来,学者们基于不同的空间尺度,对农业生产转型及其环境效应的过程、格局、机理与优化调控开展了广泛探讨。为系统梳理该方面研究的相关进展,识别出相应的研究不足,本文采用文献分析与系统归纳相结合的方法,分析了农业生态环境问题的识别、测度与成因等方面的研究态势,从关键要素的视角解析了农业生产转型对生态环境影响的研究进展,并对农业经济增长与农业面源污染和农业生产转型与农业生态效率的相互关系进行了总结。研究指出：未来农业生产转型及其环境效应研究应加强从系统科学的视角解读二者的互馈关系,并关注二者互馈响应的区域异质性,深化基于土地系统科学视角的耕地利用转型的环境影响研究,通过多学科交叉融合加强对中国特色“小农”生产方式转型所引发的环境问题的微观机理探析。     

城市土壤重金属污染及其生态环境效应

对城市土壤中重金属的来源、空间分布特征、化学形态、在不同介质间的迁移转化及其污染的生态环境效应等近年来的研究进展进行了回顾,指出今后的研究重点是建立城市土壤重金属污染风险评价和标准体系,并应对重金属在城市环境中的迁移转化机制及城市土壤质量演变与郊区之间的关系开展研究。     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

北京市典型废弃物焚烧源2010—2017年二NFDA1英排放特征和减排效果分析

分析2010—2017年北京市三类典型废弃物焚烧源的废气二NFDA1英排放监测数据,计算排放因子和排放量,评估减排政策成效,并分析不同排放源达标排放时同类物分布特征异同和变化规律,探讨影响排放的重要因素。结果表明: 5家焚烧源平均排放浓度为 0.008～0.069 ng/m³(以TEQ计,下同),废气二NFDA1英排放因子为 0.027～1.7 μg/t,2016年向空气中排放的二NFDA1英量为 0.002 5～0.058 g;生活垃圾、危险废物和医疗废物焚烧源的低、高氯代同类物质量分数比的平均值分别为接近于 0.5、大于0.5和小于0.5,危险废物焚烧源的 ∑PCDFs、∑PCDDs质量分数比的平均值大于2; 123478-HxCDF和123678-HxCDF质量浓度接近且线性相关,具有相近的生成机理和去除效率; I-TEQ变化趋势与∑PCDFs质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,活性炭喷射和布袋除尘的去除效率是影响二NFDA1英排放的重要因素之一;危险废物焚烧源HWI1随运行时间增加排放浓度增加,而及时更换烟道管壁有助于消除“记忆效应”的不良影响。     

关于雾灾几个相关问题的探讨

首先,基于灾害系统的理论,构建了雾灾灾害系统模式和灾害链模式,提出了以机场和高速公路为承灾体的雾灾灾害链.其次,构建了雾灾承灾体脆弱性评价体系和模型,并对中国雾灾脆弱性分省区进行了评价,结果表明雾灾脆弱性高值区是上海、北京、天津3市;次高值区是江苏、山东、海南、广东等省.最后,以2002年12月的一次大雾天气为例,运用灰色关联度方法,着重对机场客运的雾灾灾情进行了评估,以期为雾灾损失厘定和防灾减灾提供科学的依据.     

灰霾的健康效应

灰霾是颗粒物和气体污染物导致的可察觉到的能见度降低的污染天气现象.近年来,随着城市化进程的快速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多.总结了灰霾这一污染型天气的特征,介绍了灰霾的化学成分、污染机制等,并从影响机制和流行病学角度出发,对国内外灰霾对人体的健康效应研究成果进行了综合评述,提出目前急需解决的科学问题和今后的研究方向.