城市增长边界分析方法研究——以长江三角洲常州市为例

诸多国家已采取城市增长边界(Urban growth boundary, UGB)对策以抑制城市蔓延,我国目前城市与土地利用规划也明确要求划定UGB,但其分析方法研究还较薄弱。综合系统动力学模型、元胞自动机及城市承载力分析研究常州市区UGB,结果表明:预测到2020年常州市区城市建设用地面积为30 847 hm²,北部和南部组团外延增长、主城区及南北组团内部填充同步发展,UGB由沿江-德胜河-沪宁高速-新孟河-德胜河-武宜运河-沿江高速-沪宁高速-市域界限等围合而成;模型预测的UGB与GH-UGB(实际规划UGB)北部和东部空间拟合良好,西部和南部拟合较差,表明模型预测对空间整体和要素联系考虑不足,而用地规模偏差则表明模型预测更为客观;UGB分析方法在政策、空间规划理念和整体格局上有待完善。     

于桥水库浮游藻类时空分布规律的数值模拟研究

于桥水库作为天津市重要的饮用水水源地,为改善水库环境、防治水华爆发,有必要研究其浮游藻类时空分布规律.本研究的主要方法是引入可以反映影响藻类生长的多个复杂非线性因子的综合参数——藻类综合生长系数,用于表征其生长变化趋势,该综合参数作为参变量添加到动力迁移模型中的对流—扩散传导方程中求解,实现生长模型与动力迁移模型的耦合,得到的耦合模型即可达到对藻类的生长规律和动力迁移作用同时兼顾的效果.应用耦合模型对于桥水库库区藻类进行模拟预测,模拟输出的时空分布图能够直观清晰地显示库区藻类浓度偏高时期和易富集区域,模拟值与实测值的平均误差为15.4%,在可以接受范围之内.模拟结果表明该模型可用于探索藻类的生长、富集和迁移规律,并为水库防治水华采取相应措施提供科学依据.     

氯酚类化合物对紫背浮萍生长及叶绿素含量的影响

以我国本土水生植物紫背浮萍为受试物种,利用其生长抑制和叶绿素含量的变化评价了3种氯酚类化合物的毒性效应.结果显示:2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)对紫背浮萍的96h IC50值分别为12.73,8.49,1.12mg/L.根据化学物质对水生生物毒性分级标准,3种物质均为高毒.2,4-DCP,2,4,6-TCP和PCP对紫背浮萍基于叶绿素含量变化的最大可接受浓度(MATC)分别为2.24,1.58, 0.35mg/L,对应的急慢性毒性比(ACR)分别为5.68,5.37和3.20.     

Effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum

We investigated the effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on growth of the marine diatom algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum). Growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by the minimum concentration (3.5 mmol·L ^?1) of EMA at lower initial algal densities (IADs) (3.6×10⁴ and 3.3×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1). However, at the highest IAD, significant growth inhibition was found at above 7 mmol·L ^?1 of EMA exposure. In S. costatum, EMA concentrations of 10.5 mmol·L ^?1 or more significantly inhibited growth at lower IAD (3×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1); at the highest IAD, only EMA concentrations above 14 mmol·L ^?1 obviously inhibited the growth of S. costatum. Changes in specific growth rates and pigment were consistent with algal growth, but only at higher EMA concentrations or lower IAD values was the ratio of chlorophyll a (Chla) to carotenoid significantly lower than the control. Medium effective concentration (EC ₅₀) values were in the order 4.07, 8.03 and 12.27 mmol·L ^?1 for P. tricornutum and 7.48, 11.92 and 17.22 mmol·L ^?1 for S. costatum. All these results show that the effect of EMA on the growth of algae was species specific and mainly depended on IAD, which might be an important factor to influence algal growth.     

Phytoaccumulation of iron by callus tissue of Clerodendrum indicum (L)

Clerodendrum indicum (L.) is one of the important medicinal plants, originating in India. The plant is used as medicine for bronchitis, asthma and different immunological disease. Micro-propagation is a quick method, producing a huge number of plants. Apical leaf of Clerodendrum indicum (L.) was used as an explant for callogenesis. The combinations of different plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, KN) in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium produced two types of calli: one was friable and loose and the other was green, embryogenic and compact. Heavy metals cause pollution and health hazards. The plant absorbs heavy metals, which is very useful for controlling environmental pollution. Iron is a major nutrient for both plants and animals, but hyper accumulation of iron is injurious to health. Calli were used to study the optimum conditions of iron uptake in presence of different chemical environments. The different environments were created by using different chemical reagents such as (HCL, HNO₃, H₃PO₄ and KNO₃). Iron (III) was spiked with radioactive Fe-59 and dynamics of uptake was followed by measuring radioactivity by gamma-ray spectrometer. The best condition of iron uptake corresponded to 1 mol L^?1 KNO₃ after 4 hour of equilibration.     

Physiological,biochemical and growth responses of Azolla pinnata to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin pesticides exposure: a comparative study

Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide- (5, 15 and 30 ppm) induced effects on growth, metabolic and antioxidative behaviour of Azolla pinnata were analysed after 96 h of treatment. Growth of A. pinnata was increased by 72–76% over the initial mass under control condition. Further, the growth was decreased by 26 and 30% following treatment with 5 ppm of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, respectively, compared to control. Whereas, 30 ppm of pesticide treatment caused substantial decrease in biomass accumulation, even less than the initial mass. The Chlorophyll a content was declined at higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos, while carotenoids content increased significantly in the presence of both the pesticides. Photosynthetic rate showed declining trend with rising concentration of pesticides, while an increasing trend was noticed in the case of respiratory O₂ consumption. The oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing concentration of both the pesticides. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was enhanced with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides; however, a declining trend was noticed in the case of APX at 30 ppm chlorpyrifos treatment. The study concludes that chlorpyrifos appeared to be more toxic than cypermethrin; however, both the pesticides significantly reduced the growth performance.     

Metabolic responses of Azolla pinnata to cadmium stress: photosynthesis,antioxidative system and phytoremediation

This present study deals with the growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress and phytoremediation character of Azolla pinnata L. exposed to different levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg·L^?1) of cadmium (Cd). Significant accumulation of Cd in Azolla fronds was noticed after 24 and 96 h of exposure and the accumulation rate was dose and time dependent. Growth of A. pinnata increased significantly after both exposure times with and without metal. At lower Cd doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg·L^?1), growth and photosynthesis of A. pinnata showed a marginal increase over the respective control, however, at higher Cd doses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg·L^?1), a decreasing trend was noticed. At lower doses, Azolla fronds could counterbalance the negative effect of enhanced levels of superoxide radicals (SOR) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) through the greater activity of antioxidative enzymes. The decaresing trends in catalase and peroxidase activity at higher Cd doses suggest that Azolla fronds were not able to mitigate the negative effects of H₂O₂, hence an increase in malondialdehyde content was noticed. The study concludes that up to 0.1 ,mg·L^?1 Cd, A. pinnata can flourish and be used as biofertiliser and for phytoremedial purposes in Cd-contaminated fields; beyond this concentration poor growth may restrict its application.     

The boll weevil‐cotton plant complex

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman was introduced from Mexico into the United States about 1892. More than three‐fourths of all insect losses to cotton in this country have been attributed to this insect, and it is generally agreed that cotton cannot be profitably grown in areas where it occurs without adequate control measures. This review summarizes the chemically oriented research conducted on this plant‐insect complex during the past seventy years with emphasis on the program conducted since 1962 at the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory.

Of plant‐insect relationships, host plant resistance, feeding stimulants, plant attractants, and plant constituents are discussed. Insect‐insect relationships treated include insecticides, chemosterilants and hormones, sex attractants, and insect constituents. The development of an integrated program for the attempted eradication of this insect is also discussed.     

Effect of Cd++ on germination,growth and active principles of Datura metel L.∗

The effects of Cd⁺⁺ concentration increment in soil and/or in atmosphere, on germination, growth and alkaloid contents of Datura metel L. were investigated. We observed a significant reduction of growth following addition of Cd⁺⁺ in soil. Minor effects on growth were evident when the plants were sprayed with CdCl₂ solution (10mgCd⁺⁺/l).

Scanning electron microscope observation showed stomata widely open and conspicuous cuticular striations in the foliar epidermis of polluted plants.

GLC analysis of extracts evidenced a significant variation in active principle content among plants undergoing different treatments.     

Materialphilia,biophilia, and sustainable use of the planet

SUMMARY

The intricate and complex relationships between transhumant pastoralists, livestock and environment at the high altitudes of Indian Central Himalaya has started to break down at an alarming rate. Some of the important factors attributed to this are depletion of grazing resources, commercialization of the rural economy, and integration of these communities with the mainstream of development through education and employment. Traditionally these livestock were assigned different roles in society depending upon their economic benefit and utility. The roles which once depended upon attitude to various risks, such as environmental, social and economic, have lost their significance due to changing of the production process. This paper gives an overview of the various types of roles the livestock played in the transhumant society, and how they are being replaced by the developmental process in the region, and whether the changes are sustainable for such remote regions in a developing country.