有毒物质低剂量刺激作用的研究进展

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用(hormesis)是一个有争议的毒理学问题.本文综述了hormesis的研究进展、关键学术问题以及可能的作用机制,并对有关hormesis的机理研究与环境内分泌干扰物研究和风险评价理论及方法之间的关系进行了讨论,提出了其中存在的关键科学问题和可能的研究方向.     

积极提高全民的环境意识——纪念《环境科学》创刊十五周年

本文论述我国环境与人口、资源的相互关系,提出扭转困境的首要问题是要提高全民保护环境的意识,因为我国人口、资源与环境实际上已形成一个有机的整体,要改变局面必须树立一个长期奋斗的战略目标,增强环境意识具有极其重要意义.     

总有机碳与生化需氧量相互关系的实验研究

本文通过平行的生化培养试验证实,在“参与耗氧的含碳有机物”这一意义下,TOC和BOD是等价的,两者均服从一阶动力学过程并具有相同的降解速率常数,两者之间通过TOC的耗氧系数α和不可生化量b而存在线性的一般关系:BOD_5=α·(TOC—b)·exp(-5k_1).以在研究中关于BOD_5,与TOC的比值关系只是这一线性关系的特例.     

First report on development of quantitative interspecies structure-carcinogenicity relationship models and exploring discriminatory features for rodent carcinogenicity of diverse organic chemicals using OECD guidelines

Different regulatory agencies in food and drug administration and environmental protection worldwide are employing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to fill the data gaps related with properties of chemicals affecting the environment and human health. Carcinogenicity is a toxicity endpoint of major concern in recent times. Interspecies toxicity correlations may provide a tool for estimating sensitivity towards toxic chemical exposure with known levels of uncertainty for a diversity of wildlife species. In this background, we have developed quantitative interspecies structure-carcinogenicity correlation models for rat and mouse [rodent species according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines] based on the carcinogenic potential of 166 organic chemicals with wide diversity of molecular structures, spanning a large number of chemical classes and biological mechanisms. All the developed models have been assessed according to the OECD principles for the validation of QSAR models. Consensus predictions for carcinogenicity of the individual compounds are presented here for any one species when the data for the other species are available. Informative illustrations of the contributing structural fragments of chemicals which are responsible for specific carcinogenicity endpoints are identified by the developed models. The models have also been used to predict mouse carcinogenicities of 247 organic chemicals (for which rat carcinogenicities are present) and rat carcinogenicities of 150 chemicals (for which mouse carcinogenicities are present). Discriminatory features for rat and mouse carcinogenicity values have also been explored.     

自然曝晒与加速老化试验下航空涂层失光率的当量关系研究

目的研究航空涂层失光率的当量加速关系。方法针对飞机结构涂覆的航空涂层光泽度失效问题,开展自然曝晒试验和实验室加速老化试验,基于失光率的失效标准,分析涂层老化行为规律。结果建立了飞机涂层自然曝晒条件与实验室加速条件下的当量加速关系。结论同类涂层试验件在自然曝晒试验与加速老化试验下的失光率变化趋势基本保持一致,得到的两类涂层试样的加速老化当量关系函数可为建立实验室加速老化试验和自然曝晒试验之间的当量加速关系提供一定参考。     

皖北地区乡村稀释化特征、影响因素及形成机制——基于城乡关系的视角

乡村稀释化是指城乡关系失衡下乡村人口持续减少、社会活力凋敝、人居空间不断被稀释的过程,是我国快速城镇化进程中乡村空间问题的动态化呈现,是新时代乡村地理学亟待深化研究的课题。基于城乡关系视角,从人口活力、土地利用和社会活动三个维度对皖北地区乡村稀释化进行测度,综合运用空间自相关、地理加权回归、地理探测器等方法,揭示皖北地区乡村稀释化时空特征、影响因素及形成机制。结果表明：（1）近10年皖北地区乡村稀释化呈现出阶段性加速化过程、多维度差异化状态、集聚性分异化空间格局等特征;（2）人均水资源量、农业从业人口密度、贫困发生率、城乡居民收入差异系数、单位乡村小学在校生人数、每万农村居民村卫生室医生数等要素对皖北地区乡村稀释化影响显著;（3）在特定城乡关系背景下,基于区域本底条件,城市系统的控制引导与乡村系统的被动响应共同推动了乡村稀释化的形成和蔓延。科学认知乡村稀释化,可为乡村振兴与城乡融合发展精准施策提供理论指导。     

含氯苯酚类化合物结构表征与毒性预测

将有机化合物中的不同非氢原子及非氢原子之间的关系参数化得到新的结构描述符,运用该描述符对部分含氯苯酚类化合物分子结构进行了参数化表征。采用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)方法构建了化合物结构与毒性(-lgIC₅₀)之间的关系模型,模型的建模相关系数(R²)为0.948,“留一法”交互检验的相关系数(Q²)为0.922,标准偏差(SD)为0.184。结果表明结构描述符能较好地表征化合物分子结构特征,所建模型稳定性好、预测能力强,对于酚类化合物QSAR研究具有一定的参考价值。     

QSAR models for predicting the toxicity of halogenated phenols to Tetrahymena

Halogenated phenols are industrial pollutants which may cause serious damage to the environment. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) and two three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure–activity relationship models for the toxicity prediction of halogenated phenols in Tetrahymena were developed. The structural factors that mainly influence toxicity were explored, agreeing with previously reported data. The results obtained with the 3D model were in agreement with those obtained with the 2D model. According to our findings, several new molecules with different predicted activities were designed.