Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal,sublethal,and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides.In this study,the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed.Beside the acute and chronic tests,an avoidance response test was carried out.It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms.Compared with adult earthworms,the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased...     

浙江省大气重污染应急预警

通过比较多地省级及城市的大气重污染预案和分析浙江省大气重污染预警工作情况及一次大气重污染预警案例来研究省级大气重污染应急。结果表明,省级应急预案在机构组织和职责、预警分级以及应急措施3个方面有需完善的地方,并且在区域应急联动方面的内容相对缺乏。通过对问题的探讨,建议可以通过构建畅通应急信息交流渠道、设定符合地区污染特征的预警分级以及科学安排多城市应急联动减排等方式来进一步完善省级大气重污染应急预案。     

采用响应面优化酸浸法回收报废三元电池中有价金属的研究

为简化传统报废锂离子电池(LIBs)处理工艺,对报废镍钴锰三元(NCM)电池正极材料进行浸出处理,在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面分析法分析浸出温度、抗坏血酸浓度、固液比和浸出时间对正极材料中Co、Li、Mn、Ni浸出率的影响。建立数学回归模型,分析因素间的交互作用。结果表明,各金属的回归方程模型均显著(p<0.05),R^2≥0.88,信噪比N>4,C.V.较低,可用于报废NCM电池中Co、Li、Mn、Ni浸出工艺的分析与预测,其中浸出温度和抗坏血酸浓度的交互作用对Li和Ni的浸出率影响最大。各金属浸出率的最佳工艺条件为:浸出温度69.26℃,抗坏血酸浓度1.24 mol/L,固液比31.30 g/L,浸出时间59.79 min。在此条件下,Co、Li、Mn、Ni浸出率分别为96.35%、92.53%、89.28%、56.32%。结合回归分析及可操作性原则,进行3次平行试验,试验结果与模型理论预测值接近。试验过程简单,处理方法对环境友好,有利于工业化生产。     

王瑶水库流域输油管道泄漏抢险方法与经验探讨

王瑶水库是延安市40万人民生活饮用水源地,是一座兼灌溉、养鱼、发电、拦泥淤的大型水库,对于其流域内输油管道泄漏险情的应急响应与抢险工作至关重要,本文着重阐述了长庆油田在应对原油泄漏后,针对不同河道、干沟及所处的地形、地貌特点开展应急抢险中的拦油、收油处置措施取得的经验及成效。通过分析原油的泄漏原因、泄漏特点综合介绍了现有的一些泄漏原油的拦截、回收方法的优缺点,结合历年来的一些原油泄漏抢险案例,提出了如何提高水库流域内快速抢险能力。     

基于响应面法和强度折减法的边坡可靠性计算研究

针对边坡安全系数是隐式函数的特点,提出将有限差分强度折减法和响应面法(RSM)相结合,分析边坡可靠性的方法。采用安全系数、破坏概率及对应的临界滑动面等,作为综合评价边坡稳定性的指标。算例验证表明,笔者提出的计算方法所得结果与其他方法比较接近,且更能反映边坡真实的工作状态。对某钢铁基地工程的昔格达组地层边坡,采用新的计算方法进行可靠度分析,对比研究确定性破坏模式和概率破坏模式中剪应变增量和破坏区的分布。研究结果表明,均值强度较高的边坡岩土体,如果变异系数较大,便仍处于较高风险水平,虽然边坡整体的安全系数满足工程要求;均值安全系数和最小可靠度指标对应的破坏模式也是有差别的。     

社会应急资源监测系统及其应急响应能力研究

社会应急动员和资源筹募是救灾的关键。为有效组织和管理社会应急资源,充分发挥其在救灾中的作用,提出构建一个社会应急资源监测系统。这个监测系统将采集社会应急资源在社会系统中的分布、消耗和补给等的状态信息,为社会应急资源的提供者、各级社会管理部门、各级应急管理机构和系统管理员提供查询、分析和决策的接口;基于监测系统提供的信息,考虑应急救援的时间要求、数量要求、价值要求、经济性要求,建立社会应急资源和物流网络的应急能力评价指标体系。研究结果表明,根据社会应急资源监测系统提供的特定灾害应急所需的社会资源的状态信息,可确定该区域社会应急资源的可满足性、可应急性及物流网络对应急需求的满足情况,得到社会应急资源参与救援的可行性。     

矿坑涌水对大气降水的响应分析及预测

分析了程潮铁矿矿坑涌水对大气降水的响应特征,通过大气降水-矿坑涌水互相关函数值,研究了不同滞后期大气降水对矿坑涌水的影响程度。建立了基于时间序列分析的大气降水-矿坑涌水传递函数模型的预测方法。利用最小二乘法对传递函数部分进行参数估计,并对残差序列进行自回归处理,平均误差低于3.26%。预测模型在一定程度上能够反映出矿坑涌水对大气降水的滞后和相关关系,适用于采用崩落法或上覆围岩裂隙破碎带发育的地下矿山。     

Explaining implementation behaviour of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)

This paper explains the perceived implementation behaviour of counties in the United States with respect to the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The system represents a massive and historic policy mandate designed to restructure, standardise and thereby unify the efforts of a wide variety of emergency management entities. Specifically, this study examined variables identified in the NIMS and policy literature that might influence the behavioural intentions and actual behaviour of counties. It found that three key factors limit or promote how counties intend to implement NIMS and how they actually implement the system: policy characteristics related to NIMS, implementer views and a measure of local capacity. One additional variable—inter‐organisational characteristics—was found to influence only actual behaviour. This study's findings suggest that the purpose underlying NIMS may not be fulfilled and confirm what disaster research has long suggested: the potential for standardisation in emergency management is limited.     

Direct utilization of kitchen waste for bioethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using locally isolated yeast

Kitchen wastes containing high amounts of carbohydrates have potential as low-cost substrates for fermentable sugar production. In this study, enzymatic saccharification of kitchen waste was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the enzymatic saccharification conditions of kitchen waste. This paper presents analysis of RSM in a predictive model of the combined effects of independent variables (pH, temperature, glucoamylase activity, kitchen waste loading, and hydrolysis time) as the most significant parameters for fermentable sugar production and degree of saccharification. A 100 mL of kitchen waste was hydrolyzed in 250 mL of shake flasks. Quadratic RSM predicted maximum fermentable sugar production of 62.79 g/L and degree of saccharification (59.90%) at the following optimal conditions: pH 5, temperature 60°C, glucoamylase activity of 85 U/mL, and utilized 60 g/L of kitchen waste as a substrate at 10 h hydrolysis time. The verification experiments successfully produced 62.71 ± 0.7 g/L of fermentable sugar with 54.93 ± 0.4% degree of saccharification within 10 h of incubation, indicating that the developed model was successfully used to predict fermentable sugar production at more than 90% accuracy. The sugars produced after hydrolysis of kitchen waste were mainly attributed to monosaccharide: glucose (80%) and fructose (20%). The fermentable sugars obtained were subsequently used as carbon source for bioethanol production by locally isolated yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parasilosis, and Lanchancea fermentati. The yeasts were successfully consumed as sugars hydrolysate, and produced the highest ethanol yield ranging from 0.45 to 0.5 g/g and productivity between 0.44 g L^–1 h^–1 and 0.47 g L^–1 h^–1 after 24-h incubation, which was equivalent to 82.06–98.19% of conversion based on theoretical yield.     

Shale gas development and community response: perspectives from Treaty 8 territory,British Columbia

Northeast British Columbia (BC), Canada, is the site of a fast-growing shale gas industry that is a cornerstone of the current provincial government's economic policy. In this paper, we explore the perspectives of local First Nations (members of Treaty 8) regarding governance of this industry, focusing in particular on the experiences of the Fort Nelson First Nation (FNFN). Based on findings from 15 in-depth interviews with staff from four Treaty 8 First Nations, the Treaty 8 Tribal Association, oil and gas companies, and the Government of BC, we argue that current governance processes fail to adequately protect the environment and treaty rights. We also explore the diverse tactics that the FNFN is using to gain influence over shale gas development within its territories as the Nation seeks to achieve “balanced development” that protects the local ecology and treaty rights while maximising local economic benefits. Through an array of tactics and collaboration with diverse actors, the FNFN has been partially successful in challenging industry's social license to operate and has brought the provincial government back to the table to negotiate new decision-making arrangements on a “government to government” basis. Still, the regulation and management of a fast-paced global industry are a vast burden for a small community to bear. The FNFN's work has also shown the need for further research on how local efforts for equitable and environmentally sustainable approaches to shale gas regulation can be scaled up, institutionalised, and used to create political opportunities in other contexts.