Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

Abstract

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960–2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation, ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

广东省某市城区废电池污染防治建议

文章以广东省某市城区为例,对其电池生产、销售、使用、回收和处置各环节进行了调查和研究,分析存在的主要问题和困难,较为精确的预测了废电池产生数量与人口数量及人均GDP水平之间的关系,将国外发达国家的经验技术与我国国情相结合,提出了政府、民间组织和生产商三方合作的废电池回收模式,并针对生产、处置等环节提出了相应的污染防治建议。     

医院项目在环保验收监测中应关注的重点问题——以昆山宗仁卿纪念医院一期工程为例

本文依据项目竣工环保验收规范性文件、医院污水处理技术指南、医疗废物管理条例等相关规定和要求,论述了此类项目环保验收监测工作中应关注的重点问题,以及目前存在的问题及解决方案,并以工程实例进行了说明。     

灾后承接非政府组织援助系统工程的综合集成模式——以汶川8.0级地震为例

分析了承接非政府组织(NGO)援助复杂巨系统的框架结构、时空结构、运行结构及整体特性;提出了地震灾后承接援助系统工程的综合集成模式;分别就承接援建集成工程的运作模式和具体实施框架进行了讨论;就援建系统工程、迎建系统工程、应急组织系统工程和保障系统工程等具体实施工程做了细致的阐述。     

A methodology for optimal MSW management,with an application in the waste transportation of Attica Region,Greece

The paper describes a software system capable of formulating alternative optimal Municipal Solid Wastes (MSWs) management plans, each of which meets a set of constraints that may reflect selected objections and/or wishes of local communities. The objective function to be minimized in each plan is the sum of the annualized capital investment and annual operating cost of all transportation, treatment and final disposal operations involved, taking into consideration the possible income from the sale of products and any other financial incentives or disincentives that may exist. For each plan formulated, the system generates several reports that define the plan, analyze its cost elements and yield an indicative profile of selected types of installations, as well as data files that facilitate the geographic representation of the optimal solution in maps through the use of GIS. A number of these reports compare the technical and economic data from all scenarios considered at the study area, municipality and installation level constituting in effect sensitivity analysis. The generation of alternative plans offers local authorities the opportunity of choice and the results of the sensitivity analysis allow them to choose wisely and with consensus.The paper presents also an application of this software system in the capital Region of Attica in Greece, for the purpose of developing an optimal waste transportation system in line with its approved waste management plan. The formulated plan was able to: (a) serve 113 Municipalities and Communities that generate nearly 2 million t/y of comingled MSW with distinctly different waste collection patterns, (b) take into consideration several existing waste transfer stations (WTS) and optimize their use within the overall plan, (c) select the most appropriate sites among the potentially suitable (new and in use) ones, (d) generate the optimal profile of each WTS proposed, and (e) perform sensitivity analysis so as to define the impact of selected sets of constraints (limitations in the availability of sites and in the capacity of their installations) on the design and cost of the ensuing optimal waste transfer system. The results show that optimal planning offers significant economic savings to municipalities, while reducing at the same time the present levels of traffic, fuel consumptions and air emissions in the congested Athens basin.     

生物法废气净化专用微生物菌种及其作用

用气相培育驯化法培养获得废气净化专用菌种,由其挂膜制作的生物膜填料塔对废气中甲苯进行净化,实验结果表明,气相培养法所得菌种对甲苯的净化性能明显优于液相培养法所得菌种.生物膜通过吸附-生物降解作用过程净化气相中的甲苯,使针对挥发性有机废气生物净化过程提出的吸附-生物膜动力学理论的依据得到了验证.     

江苏王港海岸湿地的围垦现状及湿地资源可持续利用

海岸湿地是全球生物生产量最高的生态系统之一,具有极高的资源开发价值和环境调节功能。王港地区是江苏沿海盐沼湿地发育的典型地区之一,随着盐沼湿地围垦的进行,湿地面积减少,环境退化。为了实现盐沼湿地资源的可持续利用,必须改变盐沼湿地开发利用的方式,发展科学的、有利于生态环境健康发展的产业,如开辟科研基地保护区、发展花卉、草坪业、滩涂生态旅游业、建立盐沼林牧复合生态系统、实行盐沼湿地的综合管理等,同时,还要严格执行相关的法律法规。     

纤维过滤器用于污水回用的研究

采用新型的纤维束过滤器对污水厂的二级出水进行了直接过滤和絮凝、过滤回用的研究。结果表明,过滤器在10~30 m/h的滤速下均能有效去除水中的SS和浊度,出水SS低于10 mg/L;对COD、BOD、TP和细菌总数的去除率分别为10%~80%、21%~50%、11%~81%和87%。采用硫酸铝作为絮凝剂与纤维过滤器联合处理技术能进一步提高出水的水质。通过单一水反冲洗和气水联合反冲洗的对比研究,发现气水联合反冲洗是适合恢复纤维束过滤器过滤效能的冲洗方式。在反冲洗水流量10~12 L/m2.s、水压0.1 MPa、空气流量60 L/m2.s、气压0.1 MPa的条件下,冲洗30 m in能够有效地恢复纤维过滤器的过滤性能。     

利用成组生物测试评估不同深度处理工艺出水的安全性

针对北京北小河污水处理厂出水经深度处理后回用于奥运公园的生态安全性 ,用成组生物毒性测试方法比较了不同深度处理工艺对导致急性毒性的物质、内分泌干扰物质和Ah受体效应物质的去除效果 .结果表明 :城市污水厂出水中含有急性毒性、内分泌干扰和Ah受体效应毒性特征的污染物 ,超滤和活性炭对不同类型物质均有较好的去除效果 .活性炭吸附能基本有效去除具有急性毒性污染物 ,对Ah受体特征物质的去除率达到了98% ;超滤对非极性、具有急性毒性特征的物质和极性的类雌激素物质去除效果最好 ,经超滤处理后的出水非极性组分细胞存活率达100% ,极性组分雌激素当量由0.13pmol·L^-1下降到0.04 pmol·L^-1.微滤和反渗透工艺不能有效去除有毒有机污染物 .进行生物毒性测试时 ,不同组分之间可能存在相互作用 ,需要采用样品分级方法 .