世界三大黑土区水土流失与防治比较分析

论文首先明晰了黑土及黑土区的概念与范围界定,将中国东北黑土区分为典型黑土区与黑土区两个层次。在此基础上对世界三大黑土区在成土条件,开发利用过程、水土流失及水土流失防治模式方面进行了对比分析。通过比较分析认为:在自然条件上虽然三大黑土区具有一定的相似性,但我国东北黑土区由于地势起伏相对较大,更易遭受水土流失的危害;国外两大黑土区大规模的开发利用比我国黑土区相对早一些,大规模的农业开垦与不合理的耕作方式是世界三大黑土区水土流失与土地退化的主要原因;国外两大黑土区主要以风蚀为主,我国东北黑土区则是以水蚀为主,但风蚀面积也较大;国外两大黑土区在耕作制度、土地使用政策、水土保持资金投入、水土保持宣传教育及科学试验等方面已经采取了相对有效的措施,我国在这些方面还相对滞后。通过对国外黑土区水土流失治理的借鉴与思考,提出了我国东北黑土区在水土流失防治方面亟待解决的几个问题。     

Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land‐Uses in Iowa1

Abstract: Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land‐uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row‐cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land‐use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land‐uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15‐46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5‐18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2‐6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41‐106 mm/year, soil losses 22‐47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9‐14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22‐58 mm/year, soil losses 6‐61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3‐34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101‐171, 104‐122, and 94‐170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197‐264, 94‐266, and 124‐153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71‐123, 37‐122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row‐cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).     

Use of USLE/GIS Methodology for Predicting Soil Loss in a Semiarid Agricultural Watershed

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an erosion model to estimate average soil loss that would generally result from splash, sheet, and rill erosion from agricultural plots. Recently, use of USLE has been extended as a useful tool predicting soil losses and planning control practices in agricultural watersheds by the effective integration of the GIS-based procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell basis. This study was performed in the Kazan Watershed located in the central Anatolia, Turkey, to predict soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rain erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), and cover management factor (C) values of the model were calculated from erosivity map, soil map, and land use map of Turkey, respectively. R values were site-specifically corrected using DEM and climatic data. The topographical and hydrological effects on the soil loss were characterized by LS factor evaluated by the flow accumulation tool using DEM and watershed delineation techniques. From resulting soil loss map of the watershed, the magnitude of the soil erosion was estimated in terms of the different soil units and land uses and the most erosion-prone areas where irreversible soil losses occurred were reasonably located in the Kazan watershed. This could be very useful for deciding restoration practices to control the soil erosion of the sites to be severely influenced.     

四川青衣江上游若壁小沟泥石流及其防治对策

若壁小沟为四川青衣江上游左岸的一级支沟,该沟处于深切割高山峡谷区,地形坡度陡,构造发育,岩石破碎,加之较为丰富的降雨,使该沟具备泥石流暴发的条件。该沟如果暴发泥石流,将对某电站拟建厂房产生威胁。该沟泥石流具有成灾快、危害严重、松散固体物质以坡面崩塌补给为主、活动频率中等等特征。通过野外考察和取样分析,该沟泥石流的性质和类型为中频率—中~大规模—低~高粘度泥石质泥石流。分析预测了该沟泥石流在强烈地震条件下、近期出现不同频率暴雨情况下及人类活动影响下的发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了该沟泥石流减灾工程规划方案。     

坡面尺度上地貌对α生物多样性的影响

为了解地貌在坡面尺度上对α生物多样性的影响,采用主观采样法在陕北吴起县合家沟流域不同地貌部位进行了样地调查.利用SPSS16.0统计软件先后对各地貌部位物种组成及各物种的重要值、地形因子要素间、地形因子和群落α多样性之间分别做了聚类分析、相关分析和多元回归分析.结果表明:(1)地貌部位相似的群落聚类在一起,说明地形因子是影响物种组成、群落结构、生态系统等的重要因素.(2)海拔和坡位,坡向和坡度,地形指数和海拔、坡位、坡形之间的Pearson 相关系数均大于0.8,双尾显著性检验概率小于0.05.(3)影响α生物多样性指标香农-维纳指数的地形因子按重要性从大到小依次是:坡位、坡向、海拔、坡形、坡度、地形指数,进一步分析得出在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沟沿线、光照、土壤水分和养分在影响α生物多样性指标上依次递减.(4)通过多元线形回归检验,得出坡位、坡向、坡形、海拔这四个地形因子与群落α生物多样性关系密切,建立的回归模型显著性检验可信度大,与样本数据的拟合度高.各地形因子数据归一处理后的回归方程为:香农-维纳指数=2.417-0.581×坡形-1.333×坡位+1.449×海拔+0.631×坡向.地形地貌特征在黄土丘陵区表现明显,研究它对生物多样性的影响可为该区植被恢复提供参考,但由于调查样地尺度较小,在应用推广上尚待进一步研究.     

降雨与植被耦合关系对土壤侵蚀的影响分析——以密云水库上游为例

基于TRMM降雨降雨资料时间序列数据和MODIS-NDVI16d合成产品的时间序列数据,分析密云水库上游降雨与植被的耦合关系对侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）侵蚀将发生在降雨强度大,同时植被覆盖差的时段,而密云水库上游地区植被的年内生长曲线形态与降雨的分布形态相似性较大,表明研究区的植被具有较好的保护水土能力;（2）研究区侵蚀主要发生在7—8月,而在1—3月以及11—12月几乎不会发生侵蚀;（3）研究区侵蚀的发生与植被覆盖有很紧密的联系,大部分的侵蚀发生在植被覆盖差的＂其他＂类内。研究方法可以清楚地了解研究区内降雨与植被的耦合关系及对侵蚀的影响,研究的结果将为在年内选择具有代表性的时段分析侵蚀状况提供很好的参考资料。     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

Application of a ‘bio-engineering’ technique to protect ghoramara island (Bay of Bengal) from severe erosion

Ghoramara Island is located ca. 150 km south of Kolkata, Bay of Bengal, India, in the Sundarban Delta complex. This sparsely populated island is suffering from severe coastal erosion and areal reduction for the last three decades, which results in the loss of major areas on the northwest coast. Both numerous households and a significant area of agricultural land and coastal stretches for fish drying have been lost. This has rendered thousands of people homeless as ‘environmental refugess’. In the present paper an attempt is made to study the erosion and accretion process through time series analysis using a GIS technique. Also, a study of remedial measures to protect the island using a ‘bio-engineering’ technique is reported in this paper. It has been shown that, in the absence of protection measures, the eastern shore will merge with the Indian mainland during the next 25 years, while the western part will be completely washed off.     

常州市裸露地面风蚀扬尘排放清单及分布特征研究

以2014年为基准年,以常州市行政边界为研究区域,利用卫星遥感解译的土地利用类型和裸土面积信息,并通过国土、气象等部门提供的土壤类型、气象因子等相关资料获取本地化因子和参数,估算常州市行政区域内裸露地面土壤扬尘中颗粒物的年排放量。结果表明:常州市裸露地面主要分布在金坛市、溧阳市和武进区,市中心区域最少,裸露土地利用类型主要为农田、滩涂、裸露山体、荒地及未硬化或未绿化的空地等;2014年常州市行政区域内裸露地面风蚀扬尘中TSP、PM 10、PM 2.5的年排放量分别为62.66 t、5.63 t、0.24 t,其中,金坛市土壤起尘量最大,其次为武进区,再次为新北区、溧阳市,市中心区域土壤扬尘最少。     

基于信息熵理论的泥石流沟谷危险度评价

泥石流沟谷是一个复杂的地貌系统,有其发生、发展和衰退的过程.文章从系统科学和地貌学的角度出发,运用了能综合表述地貌演化特征的因子-地貌系统信息熵对泥石流沟谷进行危险度评价,研究以昆明市东川城区后山深沟、石羊沟和尼姑拉沟为试点,对各泥石流沟的信息熵进行了计算.结果表明,深沟和石羊沟的地貌信息熵值分别为0.124和0.174,泥石流沟谷正由发育的中年末期向老年期演化;尼古拉沟的信息熵值为0.246,正处于沟谷发育的旺盛时期,计算结果与当地实际情况有较好的一致性.