等离子喷涂 YSZ 涂层瞬态超高温冲蚀性能研究

目的研究等离子喷涂YSZ涂层的瞬态超高温烧蚀性能。方法借助超音速火焰喷涂设备实现超高温高速火焰,对等离子喷涂YSZ涂层进行瞬态冲蚀,通过火焰中加送氧化铝颗粒模拟对涂层的高温冲刷。采用常规手段评价涂层的抗瞬态超高温冲蚀性能,并对冲蚀部位进行微观观察,探讨涂层的失效机理。结果在3000 K、不添加砂粒的条件下,火焰冲击3 s后钢基体材料表面发生沸腾;喷涂0.6 mm YSZ的试样在火焰冲击60 s后涂层完好。在3000 K、添加砂粒的条件下,火焰冲击3 s后钢基体材料被冲刷出约1.0 mm深坑;喷涂0.6 mm YSZ试样的涂层被火焰冲刷剥落,但基体未受明显损伤;喷涂1 mm YSZ的试样,试验后仍保留部分涂层。结论在3000 K高温瞬态冲蚀条件下,热喷涂1 mm厚YSZ涂层可对材料表面形成有效防护。     

基于FLO-2D模型的红椿沟泥石流工程治理效果研究

汶川地震带来了众多地质灾害,给当地灾民造成了严重的生命和财产损失。为了更好地预防地质灾害的发生,保护灾后重建成果,对地质灾害防护工程的效果分析研究就显得尤为重要。文章选取了汶川红椿沟流域中的甘溪铺沟、大水沟、新店子沟3条泥石流沟为研究对象,采用二维流变模型FLO-2D,经连续方程与运动方程,结合网络化的数字高程模型,通过DEM在ArcGIS中转换为ASCII格式输入至FLO-2D软件中,建立流域模型,分析计算出红椿沟泥石流沟在工程治理条件下,遭遇50、100年一遇暴雨时,泥石流冲出物的堆积深度和流动速度。通过计算机数值模拟方法对治理效果进行分析研究,从而确定工程治理效果和进一步的工作方法。     

Using Fallout Lead-210 Measurements to Estimate Soil Erosion in Three Small Catchments in Southern Italy

Soil erosion and associated off-site environmental impacts have attracted increasing attention in recent decades, and there is a growing need for reliable information on rates of soil loss. The potential for using ¹³⁷Cs fallout to quantify rates and patterns of soil redistribution over medium-term timescales (ca. 45 years) has been successfully demonstrated in a wide range of environments around the world. The similar behaviour of fallout ²¹⁰Pb in soils offers potential for its use as an alternative to ¹³⁷Cs, in areas where ¹³⁷Cs inventories are low or are complicated by additional fallout from the Chernobyl accident. There have, however, to date been few attempts to validate the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb measurements for assessing erosion rates. This paper reports an attempt to explore the use of fallout ²¹⁰Pb to estimate rates of water-induced soil erosion on uncultivated land. It focuses on three small forest/rangeland catchments located in Calabria, southern Italy, for which measurements of sediment output are available. Comparison of the estimates of net soil loss from the catchments derived from ²¹⁰Pb measurements with the measured sediment output, confirmed the validity of the ²¹⁰Pb approach. The soil redistribution rates estimated using ²¹⁰Pb measurements were also consistent with equivalent estimates obtained for the same study catchments using ¹³⁷Cs measurements.     

西蒙得木对金沙江干热河谷生态保护的作用

金沙江干热河谷生态条件恶劣，水土流失严重，对长江流域中下游特别是三峡大坝存在着极大的负面影响。治理长江流域，保护三峡大坝的重要源头是金沙江干热河谷的生态环境建设。西蒙得木生长的生态环境与金沙江干热河谷的生态环境非常相似，并且西蒙得木具有极高的经济价值，因此在金沙江干热河谷种植西蒙得木，既能改良生态环境，又能发展当地经济。     

INFLUENCE OF TWO WOODY RIPARIAN SPECIES ON CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR STREAMBANK STABILITY: UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA1

Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine grained sediment emanating from upland and channel erosion. A recent study showed that the Upper Truckee River is the single largest contributor of sediment to Lake Tahoe, with a large proportion of the sediment load emanating from streambanks. This study combines field data with numerical modeling to identify the critical conditions for bank stability along an unstable reach of the Upper Truckee River, California. Bank failures occur during winter and spring months, brought on by repeated basal melting of snow packs and rain‐on‐snow events. Field studies of young lodgepole pines and Lemmon's willow were used to quantify the mechanical, hydrologic, and net effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Lemmon's willow provided an order of magnitude more root reinforcement (5.5 kPa) than the lodgepole pines (0.5 kPa); the hydrologic effects of the species varied spatially and temporally and generally were of a smaller magnitude than the mechanical effects. Overall, Lemmon's willow provided a significant increase in bank strength, reducing the frequency of bank failures and delivery of fine grained sediment to the study reach of the Upper Truckee River.     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF VARIABLE ANNUAL FLOW ON RIVER CHANNEL MEANDER MIGRATION PATTERNS,SACRAMENTO RIVER,CALIFORNIA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Flow regulation impacts the ecology of major rivers in various ways, including altering river channel migration patterns. Many current meander migration models employ a constant annual flow or dominant discharge value. To assess how flow regulation alters river function, variable annual flows ‐ based on an empirical relationship between bank erosion rates and cumulative effective stream power ‐ were added into an existing migration model. This enhanced model was used to evaluate the potential geomorphic and ecological consequences of four regulated flow scenarios (i.e., different hydrographs) currently being proposed on the Sacramento River in California. The observed rate of land reworked correlated significantly with observed cumulative effective stream power during seven time increments from 1956 to 1975 (r²= 0.74, p = 0.02). The river was observed to rework 3.0 ha/yr of land (a mean channel migration rate of 7.7 m/yr) with rates ranging from 0.8 ha/yr to 5.1 ha/yr (2.0 to 13.3 m/yr), during the analyzed time periods. Modeled rates of land reworked correlated significantly with observed rates of land reworked for the variable flow model (r²= 0.78, p = 0.009). The meander migration scenario modeling predicted a difference of 1 to 8 percent between the four flow management scenarios and the base scenario.     

四川九寨沟县关庙沟泥石流及其防治对策

关庙沟为嘉陵江上游支流白水江右岸的一条支沟,位于四川九寨沟县城区,曾多次发生过严重的泥石流灾害,直接威胁县城和九寨沟旅游环线公路的安全。该沟泥石流具有容重大(2.20t/m~3)、搬运固体物质粒径粗、固体物质以沟岸滑坡和沟床堆积物补给为主等特征。本文分析了该沟泥石流的形成、流体性质、类型等基本特征,预测灾害的发展趋势,提出泥石流减灾防灾对策。     

循环流化床锅炉局部磨损问题及控制

对循环流化床锅炉(以下简称CFBB)局部磨损的机理进行了分析，总结了几种控制防磨措施，为CFBB正常维护提出了几点建议。     

SOME EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE CONTROLS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN

Governmental agencies have been instrumental in the construction of numerous dams and other control structures in the small watersheds of the State of Mississippi. Although some of the consequences are predictable, there are some effects which are not yet well defined. This paper concerns the physical effects of such works on a particular stream and its channel. As was anticipated, peak discharges appear to have been somewhat reduced. Changes in channel cross-section depend, to some extent, upon location along the stream. However, there appears to have been a narrowing of the channel in that portion of the stream for which cross-sections were available.     

A COMPARISON OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LOW- AND HIGH-SEVERITY SITE PREPARATION BURNS1

ABSTRACI:. Slash burning is a common site preparation technique used after timber harvest throughout the Southeastern United States. Little quantitative information exists on the hydrologic response to burn severity. This study compared the effects of low-severity and high-severity burns on runoff and sediment yields during rainfall simulation and during natural rainfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Fire severity was largely determined by moisture conditions of the forest floor prior to ignition. Runoff and sediment yield variability was high between plots within the same treatment area due to differences in forest floor characteristics and infiltration rates. Conditions of high-severity resulted when burning was conducted with relatively dry fuels. Sediment yields were 40-times greater for the high-severity treatment areas than the low-severity treatment areas.