1960—2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究

基于松花江流域及其邻近61个气象站1960—2014年逐日降雨数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验、小波周期分析和地统计插值方法,分析流域内不同地形区和子流域年降雨侵蚀力时空分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）松花江流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力为1 717.6 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·a^-1,呈波动变化趋势,存在以15.2 a为主周期和4.7 a为小周期的周期性变化特征,且在1982和1998年发生显著突变;2）松花江流域降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征与降雨量分布特征基本一致,自东南向西北递减,与东南季风的影响区域相吻合;流域年降雨侵蚀力变化趋势呈现明显的区域分异,在流域西北地区年降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,而在中部平原区的东北部和西南部呈现下降趋势;3）年降雨侵蚀力随地形的变化表现为东部丘陵山地区>中部平原区>西部山地区。在东部丘陵山地区年降雨侵蚀力与经度、纬度显著相关（P<0.01）,而在中部平原区和西部山地区降雨侵蚀力与海拔、经度和纬度关系不甚明显;4）流域内各子流域年降雨侵蚀力存在明显分异,年降雨侵蚀力在各子流域的变化趋势表现为从第二松花江流域到流域中游再到嫩江流域呈依次降低趋势,其分布特征与降雨量的分布一致,各子流域年降雨侵蚀力均呈不显著的降低趋势。     

贵州山区石灰土侵蚀及石漠化的地质原因分析

石灰土是广泛分布于亚热带喀斯特山区的一种非地带性土壤，近几十年来，位于西南喀斯特分布中心的贵州石灰土地区石漠化扩张速度明显加快，已经对该地区数千万群众的基本生存条件构成严重威胁。从地质学角度详细分析这一地区石灰土土壤侵蚀和土地石漠化的形成原因，分析结果表明：石灰土本身的矿物学特征和基本理化性质较好，并不是造成土壤侵蚀和石漠化的主要原因。石灰土成土速率慢，土壤允许流失量小；作为土壤营养库的富含有机质和矿质养分的表土层一旦被剥蚀，土壤结构迅速退化，土壤侵蚀愈演愈烈；喀斯特独特的二元结构和地形地貌是石灰土侵蚀的主要影响因子；石灰土与基岩之间缺少风化母质的过渡，岩土界面的土壤侵蚀是石灰土侵蚀的重要特征；这些因素才是导致石灰土地区土地石漠化的主要原因。     

长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀机制及过程试验研究

基于中国大陆水蚀地区土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子-土壤抗侵蚀性指标进行的35个一级控制性测点试验对比研究和野外人工降雨原位试验,重点讨论了长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀形成的机制和过程。结果表明长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀主要表现为在降雨和土壤蓄满壤中流参与下的重力侵蚀过程。在形成上表现为坡地上土壤体表层小范围的滑动和微型阵性泥石流过程,导致沟道河流泥沙输移比小并产生局部严重淤积,土壤侵蚀的危害首先表现为土层进一步变薄、退化和荒芜,其次表现为泥沙游积和洪害。长江中上游地区土壤保持的基本方针应该是“保土减水”,与黄土高原“全部降水就地入渗拦蓄”的方针有所不同。     

基于土壤侵蚀模型的滑波临界雨量估算探讨

针对滑坡临界雨量确定目前存在的问题,提出一种基于土壤侵蚀模型的滑坡临界雨量估算的新方法。该方法基本思路是：降雨引起土壤侵蚀,当土壤侵蚀达到一定强度时可诱发滑坡,因此利用土壤侵蚀模型可以推算滑坡临界雨量。以湖北省秭归县为例进行试验,从降雨-土壤侵蚀-滑坡的成灾机理入手,利用卫星资料、地理信息资料及降雨资料,计算降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形（坡长、坡度）、植被覆盖和土地利用类型等因子,基于USLE土壤侵蚀模型,计算滑坡发生时土壤侵蚀强度,通过分析多个滑坡个例,确定滑坡临界土壤侵蚀强度,再根据降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的关系,推算不同预警点滑坡临界雨量。相比以往仅仅分析灾情与降雨之间关系的传统方法,该方法有较为清晰的物理意义,实际业务中也易于实现,在滑坡预警预报中有较高实用价值     

海洋工况下航空发动机冷端叶片的冲蚀损伤与防护概述

围绕海洋环境下航空发动机的服役特点,针对发动机叶片在海洋/近岸地区不同气候条件下的工作状况,对发动机冷端叶片在腐蚀-冲蚀联合作用下的失效机制进行了梳理总结.对海洋环境下服役的发动机叶片防护涂层的相关研究进行了归纳,总结了不同叶片防护涂层的设计理念及其性能表现.对于航空发动机叶片的防护涂层,目前主要是以一元或多元金属氮化...     

Using and comparing two nonparametric methods (CART and MARS) to model the potential distribution of gullies

Gully erosion represents an important soil degradation process in rangelands. In order to take preventive or control measures and to reduce its environmental damages and economical costs it is useful to localize the points in the landscape where gullying takes place and to determine the importance of the different factors involved. The study is carried out in Extremadura, southwest Spain. The main objectives of this work are: (a) comparing two nonparametric schemes to model the potential distribution of gullies, (b) evaluating the importance of the different factors involved in gullying processes, (c) analyzing the role of prevalence in the success of the model and finally, (d) implementing and mapping the results with the help of a Geographical Information System (GIS). Two methods were used to model the response of a dependent variable (gullying) from a set of independent variables: Classification And Regression Trees (CART) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Three different datasets were used; the first one for constructing the model (training dataset) and the others for validating the model (external datasets). These datasets are formed by a target variable (presence or absence of gullies) and a set of independent variables. The dependent variable was obtained by mapping the locations of gullies with the help of a GPS and high resolution aerial ortophotographs. A set of 32 independent variables reflecting topography, lithology, soil type, climate, land use and vegetation cover of each area were used. The performance of the models was evaluated using a non-dependent threshold method: the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed a better performance of MARS for predicting gullying with areas under the ROC curve of 0.98 and 0.97 for the validation datasets, while CART presented values of 0.96 and 0.66.     

THE TWO‐DIMENSIONAL UPLAND EROSION MODEL CASC2D‐SED1

ABSTRACT: The two‐dimensional soil erosion model CASC2D‐SED simulates the dynamics of upland erosion during single rainstorms. The model is based on the raster‐based surface runoff calculations from CASC2D. Rainfall precipitation is distributed in time and space. Infiltration is calculated from the Green‐Ampt equations. Surface runoff is calculated from the diffusive wave approximation to the Saint‐Venant equations in two‐dimensions. Watershed data bases in raster Geographical Information System (GIS) provide information on the soil type, size fractions, soil erodibility, cropping management, and conservation practice factors for soil erosion calculations. Upland sediment transport is calculated for the size fractions (sand, silt, and clay), and the model displays the sediment flux, the amount of suspended sediment, and the net erosion and deposition using color graphics. The model has been tested on Goodwin Creek, Mississippi. The peak discharge and time to peak are within ± 20 percent and sediment transport rates within ?50 percent to 200 percent.     

Evaluation of rainfall erosivity in Bheta Gad catchment, Kumaun Hills of Uttar Pradesh, central Himalayas

The importance of the size of raindrop in causing soil detachment and splash has long been recognized, although the total energy expended on erosion by splash may be small. The aggressiveness of rainfall or its capacity to cause detachment can be expressed in terms of drop size, rainfall intensity and kinetic energy or momentum. An attempt has been made to determine the rainfall erosivity (EI) of two gauged stations where continuous rainfall recorders were installed, on the basis of rainfall characteristics. Thus, the relationship between average storm EI₃₀ (rainfall erosivity for 30 minutes interval) values and average depths of rainfall could be developed for the Bheta Gad basin of the Gomati River in the Hindu-Kush Himalayas. The analysis has revealed that if factors other than rainfall remain constant, soil splash erosion from cultivated fields is directly proportional to the rainstorm parameter identified as EI.     

黄土区薄层浮土道路侵蚀试验研究

为研究降雨强度和坡度对黄土区薄层浮土覆盖的土质道路产流产沙的影响,在野外调查的基础上,通过室内模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min)和坡度(2°、4°、8°、16°)条件下0.5 cm厚度浮土道路径流和产沙特征。结果表明:1)相同坡度条件下,平均径流率随雨强增大呈递增趋势,其变化范围在0.80~2.73 L/min,且1.5~2.5 mm/min雨强条件下平均径流率是1.0 mm/min的1.34~3.04倍,各雨强条件下浮土侵蚀阶段产流量占比范围在5.22%~40.38%;2)次降雨平均含沙量随坡度和雨强的增大均呈递增趋势,其变化范围在11.75~194.25 g/L,且与坡度和雨强分别呈显著线性和指数函数关系(P<0.05),1.0~2.5 mm/min雨强下浮土侵蚀阶段产沙量占比为0.05%~71.51%,其占比随雨强和坡度的增大存在波动,且混合侵蚀阶段产沙量与坡度和雨强呈良好的线性关系(P<0.01);3)累计产沙量随累计产流量的增大而增大且满足线性函数关系,决定系数均在0.96以上。研究结果揭示了薄层浮土道路径流侵蚀规律,可为土质道路治理及道路侵蚀模型建立提供参考。     

Synthesis of Common Management Concerns Associated with Dam Removal

Managers make decisions regarding if and how to remove dams in spite of uncertainty surrounding physical and ecological responses, and stakeholders often raise concerns about certain negative effects, regardless of whether these concerns are warranted at a particular site. We used a dam‐removal science database supplemented with other information sources to explore seven frequently raised concerns, herein Common Management Concerns (CMCs). We investigate the occurrence of these concerns and the contributing biophysical controls. The CMCs addressed are the following: degree and rate of reservoir sediment erosion, excessive channel incision upstream of reservoirs, downstream sediment aggradation, elevated downstream turbidity, drawdown impacts on local water infrastructure, colonization of reservoir sediments by nonnative plants, and expansion of invasive fish. Biophysical controls emerged for some of the concerns, providing managers with information to assess whether a given concern is likely to occur at a site. To fully assess CMC risk, managers should concurrently evaluate site conditions and identify the ecosystem or human uses that will be negatively affected if the biophysical phenomenon producing the CMC occurs. We show how many CMCs have one or more controls in common, facilitating the identification of multiple risks at a site, and demonstrate why CMC risks should be considered in the context of other factors such as natural watershed variability and disturbance history.