基于GIS与QuickBird影像的小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

基于GIS技术和QuickBird遥感影像,采用修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE作为评价模型,计算了清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀量,并结合土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,生成流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图;利用GIS的叠置分析功能,定量分析了土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用之间的关系,并针对不同水保措施预测了水土保持治理效果.结果表明清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀模数为75.02 t·hm-2·a-1,属强度侵蚀区,年水土流失量2.6×104 t;流域64.5%的泥沙来自于占流域面积仅28%的极强度和剧烈侵蚀区域;经分析,流域土壤侵蚀模数与坡度呈显著正相关,不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数大小排序依次为难利用地＞建设用地＞坡耕地＞园地＞草地＞林地;退耕还林是降低土壤侵蚀强度与减少水土流失量的主要途径.     

DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE IN CONCRETE REVETMENT PRODUCTS FOR BANK STABILIZATION1

ABSTRACT: There is a need to provide flood protection while maintaining stable bed and bank conditions in the riverine system, to stabilize earth embankment dams and spiliways, and to stabilize highway or railway embankments and levee systems. One approach to providing erosion protection and stabilization of channel banks, embankments and spill conveyances is with articulated concrete block systems. Numerous articulated concrete block systems are available for bank stabilization. However, prior to field installations few means are available to evaluate how well these block systems perform. To assist the designer in predicting site specific suitability, a series of hydraulic testing protocols have been developed to analyze block system performance. Two articulated block system testing protocols are presented to indicate how block hydraulic characteristics may be determined and provide performance assurance to both the designer and the owner.     

TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT-BOUND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES TO THE SAN JOAQUIN RWER,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment samples were collected in west-side tributaries and the main stem of the San Joaquin River, California, in June 1994 during the irrigation season and in January 1995 during a winter storm. These samples were analyzed for 15 organochiorine pesticides to determine their occurrence and their concentrations on suspended sediment and to compare transport during the irrigation season (April to September) to transport during winter storm runoff (October to March). Ten organochiorine pesticides were detected during the winter storm runoff; seven during the irrigation season. The most frequently detected organochlorine pesticides during both sampling periods were p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, toxaphene, and chiordane. Dissolved samples were analyzed for three organochiorine pesticides during the irrigation season and for 15 during the winter storm. Most calculated total concentrations of p,p-DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene exceeded chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. At eight sites in common between sampling periods, suspended sediment concentrations and streamfiow were greater during the winter storm runoff - median concentration of 3,590 mg/L versus 489 mg(L and median streamfiow of 162 ft³/s versus 11 ft³/s. Median concentrations of total DDT (sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p-DDE, and p,p'-DDT), chlordane, dieldrin, and toxaphene on suspended sediment were slightly greater during the irrigation season, but instantaneous loads of organochlorine pesticides at the time of sampling were substantially greater during the winter storm. Estimated loads for the entire irrigation season exceeded estimated loads for the January 1995 storm by about 2 to 4 times for suspended transport and about 3 to 11 times for total transport. However, because the mean annual winter runoff is about 2 to 4 times greater than the runoff during the January 1995 storm, mean winter transport may be similar to irrigation season transport. This conclusion is tentative primarily because of insufficient information on long-term seasonal variations in suspended sediment and organochlorine concentrations. Nevertheless, runoff from infrequent winter storms will continue to deliver a significant load of sediment-bound organochiorine pesticides to the San Joaquin River even if irrigation-induced sediment transport is reduced. As a result, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in San Joaquin River biota will continue to be relatively high compared to other regions of the United States.     

RUNOFF AND EROSION RESPONSE OF SIMULATED WASTE BURIAL COVERS IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribner and Smith) Gould spp. lanceolaus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate).     

对长江上中游流域生态重建问题的思考

长江中上游流域灾后生态重建的重点是：在上游恢复与重建森林生态系统,实行“封山育林,退耕还林”的方针,加强定位试验研究,完善森林自然保护区网络,控制水土流失;在中游重建湖泊生态系统提高调蓄功能,整治河道圩垸增强泄洪能力;落实水利工程措施确保安全度汛     

A MULTI-TIER APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

A multi-tier approach for agricultural watershed management has been proposed. The approach involves identification of a watershed management issue/problem, selection or development of simple conceptual model suitable for the exploration of the issue/problem identified and appropriate to the database available, and application of the model the address the identified issue/problem. The procedure is repeated by increasing the complexity in the conceptual model until the identified issue/problem has been addressed satisfactorily. An application of the procedure to an example watershed in southern Ontario conditions is shown. The application example has revealed that for identification of temporal pattern of runoff and sediment loads a simple conceptual model is adequate. For identification of spatial location of the sediment source areas and for the development of a monitoring program for the evaluation of remedial strategies a more complex distributed agricultural watershed model is necessary.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区农村特色生态经济模式探讨——以陕西绥德县为例

黄土丘陵沟壑区是我国北方生态脆弱、产业单一、广种薄收、乡村贫困的特殊问题区域。“越穷越垦、越垦越穷”的土地利用方式成为统筹人与自然和谐发展的关键“瓶颈”。论文运用农业地理学和生态经济学原理,以绥德县为典型案例区,进行了农村经济社会发展主要的限制因素剖析。认为该区土地资源利用必须正确处理宏观与微观效益的关系,加强水土保持、生态建设与脱贫解困目标的有机结合。依据研究区地形地貌特点与水土流失规律,重视旱作农业与节水灌溉技术、示范推广造林实用技术、水保型生态农业技术的创新与应用,大力发展柠条防护林产业化、水保型立体农业、生态资源开发增效等典型农村特色生态经济模式。     

二龙山水库上游小流域生态环境综合治理示范区研究

介绍了二龙山上游小流域中小梨树沟的生态环境综合治理情况,在现有治理成果的基础上,提出了该生态示范区更全面的治理规划(包括土地利用规划和治理措施规划),并且总结了治理措施的实施成果,在此基础上对示范区的综合治理进行了评价.      

土地利用结构与土地生产力的关系研究

论文从流域土地利用结构变化的角度出发,提出采用土地利用结构特征指数研究土地利用结构变化特征与土地生产力之间关系的方法。以晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域--王家沟流域为例,考虑了当年光照、温度、降水等相同自然条件下土地生产潜力的变化趋势,揭示了土地利用结构特征指数与土地生产潜力、土地生产力挖潜指数间的关系,提出了流域土地合理利用的方向。     

Erosion studies in a Nigerian city: A methodological approach

This work assessed the methods of erosion on different surfaces in Ilorin City, Nigeria. The data were sourced from direct fieldwork exercises utilising erosion pins and sediment traps. These were analysed using the Z-score additive model. It was observed that erosion problems are better studied on site utilising sediment traps, which were more efficient than the erosion pins.