伊犁低山丘陵区小流域水土保持措施优化配置研究

在调查分析伊犁低山丘陵区水土流失特点的基础上,研究了该区小流域水土保持措施的空间配置。结果表明：伊犁低山丘陵区水土流失主要表现为以水力侵蚀为主的多种土壤侵蚀类型作用下的坡面侵蚀和沟道侵蚀。针对其水土流失特点,伊犁低山丘陵区小流域水土保持措施优化配置为：以生态修复为主,上游地区封禁保护;中游地区种植水保林和经济林带,建立生态缓冲带;下游水平沟种草。通过综合治理开展水土保持生态环境建设,至2012年底,伊犁低山丘陵区治理程度达到77．33％,林草覆盖率48％,改善了当地生态环境。     

初始通量对次毫米过滤组件分区高浓度污泥的影响

以人工配制模拟中浓度生活污水为研究对象,采用自主研制的次毫米过滤组件(sub-millifiltration module,SMFM),考察了初始通量在不同孔径条件下SMFM的过滤效果。实验结果表明,起始通量越大,SMFM在运行过程中通量衰减得越快,而起始通量越小,衰减速度较慢,综合考虑出水SS满足分区要求和运行周期内通量较大2个因素,筛选出各孔径SMFM的最佳起始通量为450 L/(m2.h),运行周期为20～25 min。     

加砂压裂中固体支撑剂对压裂管道的冲蚀磨损研究

为研究压裂高压管汇在大排量携砂液输送过程中的管壁冲蚀磨损问题,应用CFD方法及Fluent软件,建立了高压管汇主要管件三通管的冲蚀模型,基于数值模拟计算研究了冲蚀发生机理及位置,探讨了高压管汇的冲蚀特点。结果表明:压裂液流动方向变化区域存在严重的冲蚀现象,如主管与支管连接处;三通主管下游段,内壁冲蚀主要是来自支管的固体支撑剂在运动方向改变时对内壁低角度切削;管汇里越靠近井口的三通因为压裂液流量增加,主管下游段两侧冲蚀越严重。该研究结果可为管汇设计制造、关键部位检测等提供技术参考。     

Sand and dust storms: underrated natural hazards

Sand and dust storms (SDS) are wind erosion events typically associated with dryland regions, although they can occur in most environments and their impacts are frequently experienced outside drylands because desert dust haze often is transported great distances. SDS represent hazards to society in numerous ways, yet they do not feature prominently in the disasters literature. This paper considers SDS in a hazard context by examining their ramifications in economic, physical, and social terms, with a focus on agriculture, health, transport, utilities, households, and the commercial and manufacturing sector. There are few assessments of the economic consequences of SDS and those studies that have been conducted lack consistency in data collection methods and analysis. SDS do not result in the significant damage to infrastructure usually associated with many disasters, but the cumulative effects on society can be significant because SDS occur more commonly than most other types of natural hazard.     

大功率IGBT模块并联技术在电磁搅拌上的特殊应用

介绍一种计算机控制模式电磁搅拌器控制系统,其特点在于计算机设置和处理搅拌器所需的参数,并通过脉宽调制和驱动回路实现交—直—交电源的转换,为搅拌器提供稳定和精确的电流和频率参数;逆变装置采用大功率模块并联技术分立安装,容易获得大电流的输出且维护方便.     

3种典型陆地生态系统土壤137Cs和有机碳含量研究

选择位于广东小良的自然林、光裸地和森林恢复地3种典型陆地生态系统类型,通过研究土壤137Cs和土壤有机碳(SOC)的含量与分布,分析137Cs与SOC的关系,尝试运用137Cs法研究典型陆地生态系统类型的土壤侵蚀与土壤碳动态.结果显示,自然林为研究区土壤137Cs的背景点,其0~40cm土壤中的137Cs平均活度值为(0.99±0.28)Bq/kg,137Cs背景值为(448.1±56.3)Bq/m2,0~40cm的SOC储量为5.93kg/m2.森林恢复地和光裸地土壤中没有检出137Cs,表明森林恢复地和光裸地发生了严重的土壤侵蚀.自然林土壤137Cs深度分布形态为非指数衰减形态,137Cs浓度峰值出现在次表层.自然林的各土层137Cs活度与SOC含量的相关关系不显著(P>0.1).研究区137Cs含量的背景值很低.基于137Cs法计算研究区及相似地区的SOC侵蚀量有一定局限性.     

福建土楼夯土墙风驱雨侵蚀损伤预测研究

世界文化遗产福建土楼地处中国东南沿海,年降雨高达1 600 mm,频繁遭受台风和极端天气袭击,每当台风登陆时,狂风挟着暴雨常常侵蚀危害着土楼建筑,风驱雨冲击侵蚀土楼夯土墙已成为土楼建筑的主要损坏形式。论文通过分析风驱雨作用下雨滴的运动形式及降雨特征,采用CFD数值模拟及风洞试验的方法完成数值风洞准确性模拟,以数值风场为基础加入降雨模型,考虑多种雨强和风速相互组合,分析风驱雨对土楼夯土墙的风雨侵蚀影响,揭示了夯土墙风雨侵蚀的内在规律。并通过当地一份气象统计资料作为算例,预测土楼年平均侵蚀损伤量在0.4~2.6 mm之间,所得结果为土楼的维护加固和开发利用提供了科学依据,也为其他生土建筑研究提供借鉴和参考。     

植被对黄土高原坡沟系统重力侵蚀调控机理研究

采用有限差分软件FLAC^3D对黄土高原坡沟系统及植被覆盖下重力侵蚀机理进行探索,对有无植被的坡沟系统应力场、 位移场和塑性区分布进行数值模拟,阐明了植被根系措施减缓重力侵蚀作用机制。结果表明,坡沟系统上部位移以"沉降"模式为主,下部位移以"剪切"模式为主,沟头溯源区是坡沟系统重力侵蚀最为强烈的部位;剪切塑性区域主要分布于坡面和沟坡大部分区域,张拉塑性区域主要分布于梁峁顶和梁峁坡上部;有植被覆盖时,根系加固作用改善了坡面浅层土体应力,有效降低了坡面土体的应力集中;减小了坡沟系统坡面浅层土体位移,使水平位移减少15%,铅垂位移减少2.5%;并减少了塑性屈服区体积,使剪切塑性区减少11.48%,张拉塑性区减少83.99%;减轻了重力侵蚀的破坏程度,但并未改变坡沟系统以剪切破坏为主的屈服模式。该研究为更好理解植被根系调控重力侵蚀研究提供了新的技术方法。     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

二龙山水库上游小流域生态环境综合治理示范区研究

介绍了二龙山上游小流域中小梨树沟的生态环境综合治理情况,在现有治理成果的基础上,提出了该生态示范区更全面的治理规划(包括土地利用规划和治理措施规划),并且总结了治理措施的实施成果,在此基础上对示范区的综合治理进行了评价.