页岩气压裂弯管中液固两相流冲蚀磨损的数值模拟

为了研究超高压水力压裂下支撑剂颗粒进入弯管后冲蚀磨损区域的变化特性。基于液-固两相流理论、Fluent冲蚀模型建立弯管冲蚀模型,结合弯管内流场分析颗粒运动轨迹,引入斯托克斯数（St）探究冲蚀磨损区域变化,并进行数值分析。研究结果表明:弯管中冲蚀磨损发生区域有5处,主要严重区域有3处,弯管流场会改变固体颗粒数量及对壁面冲击动能与运动轨迹,St变化会明显引起冲蚀磨损区域的规律性变化;随着St从0~1至St>1变化,弯管段内壁面外侧（液体进入弯管后的正对区域）与直管段靠近弯管段的侧方区域的冲蚀磨损情况呈现“此消彼长”的规律性差异;管径越小,最大冲蚀速率的增长幅度越明显,增大管径,是减小冲蚀磨损的有效途径。研究结果对压裂弯管的改进设计及管道安全防护具有指导作用。     

由人类活动引发的自然灾害对黑龙江省环境的影响

人类活动对自然界的影响表现在诸多方面,甚至一些自然灾害的形成和发生都与人类活动密切相关.本文阐述了水土流失、土地沙化、地面塌陷等自然灾害的成因、对黑龙江省自然环境的影响,明确了人类活动在这些自然灾害的形成和发生中所起的作用.     

Agriculture sustainability in a sensitive environment--a case analysis of Loess Plateau in China

Loess Plateau, an arid and semi-arid region in Northwest China, is well-known for its most serious soil erosion in terms of sediment yield each year. Soil erosion, which is intensified by agricultural activities, is the major factor influencing sustainable agriculture development in this region. It reduces productivity by removing nutrients and especially reducing water availability that is essential for crop production in the area. It also brings about off-site costs by demanding more efforts for maintenance of banks and dams along Yellow River through raising the riverbed with sediment. Climate is capricious and extreme weather conditions occur frequently, which impairs normal agricultural production with erosion and also decrease of water availability. Extensive way of farming still dominates on the Loess Plateau, which cannot produce satisfying economic results and needs to be improved or altered. Conventional agricultural production pattern needs to be reconsidered for husbandry has not been granted its due position. Agriculture is the backbone of economy. Poor agricultural production impedes economic development and vice versa, backward economy also influences the advancement of agriculture. Besides a large population, education status of farmers is another threshold that requires being resolved for a sustainable agriculture.Although conventional agriculture has been practiced there for more than 5000 years, now it cannot meet the demand for food and fiber by the increasing population and some of its farming practices are contributing to environmental degradation directly or indirectly and can sustain no longer. Agriculture on Loess Plateau needs to find its own way of sustainability. To work toward a sustainable agriculture, chances and challenges both indwell on Loess Plateau.     

呼和浩特市空气污染现状与防治对策

本文对呼和浩特市空气环境质量现况进行了科学地评价，并且分析了污染原因，在此基础上给出了相应的综合治理措施。     

CBE教学模式与高职教育模式的比较及应用

我国现行高职教育模式还没有脱离普通高等教育的学科型教育桎梏,存在不能解决高职教育对理论知识“必需”、“够用”、教与学的矛盾、职业能力的培养等问题.CBE是近年流行于北美的较为成功的职教模式,它能较好地解决我国学科型教育模式运用于高职教育的问题,值得借鉴与应用,本文运用CBE的理论方法对高职园林专业的能力模块和教学计划进行了整合与设计.     

Bayesian predictive inference for the proportion of eroded land in a small area in Iowa

There is an increasing interest in the quality of soil, especially for small geographical areas. We present a method to estimate the percent of the area in a county or hydrological basin that is eroded. There are sample data (for several counties in eastern Iowa) from the National Resources Inventory and population data on land use, land capability class, rainfall and slope length and steepness. Using the Gibbs sampler we perform Bayesian predictive inference to obtain estimates for the non-sampled units. These estimates, together with the sample data, provide an estimate of the proportion of the total area that is eroded. We assess the quality of fit of our model using two cross-validation exercises and graphical methods.     

云南公路建设中的水土流失及其防治

公路建设会带来一系列的环境问题，其中主要为施工期引起的水土流失。本文对公路主体工程、辅助工程施工产生的水土流失及公路营运期水土流失进行分析，并提出一些防治对策。     

利用通用流失方程计算星云湖流域污染负荷

采用通用流失方程计算了星云湖流域的污染负荷 ,并将计算结果和实际调查结果进行了比较 ,二者的相对偏差在 8 2 %～ 19 6 %之间 ,认为在云南省高原湖泊的实际环境管理工作中 ,可以利用通用流失方程进行湖泊污染负荷量的计算 ,得到的结果基本是准确的     

Soil erosion types in the loess hill and gully area of China

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川中丘陵土壤水力侵蚀治理对策探讨

川中丘陵水土流失严重，威胁三峡水库。本文通过影响因素分析，提出该区水土流失的综合治理，即系统防治，包括三个方面（１）生物防治措施；（２）工程防治措施；（３）管理措施。