三索式格栅除污机电控系统的国产化设计

介绍了三索式格栅除污机的工艺及控制原理 ,提出了一些以低价的元器件代替高价元器件的方案 ,设计了国产化的电控系统 ,使整机完全实现国产化 ,降低了系统的成本 ,同时便于调试和维修。     

一种连接器振动故障分析

目的 分析得出轴向弹性触碰式连接器内导体失效的主要原因。方法 以某机载电子模块的连接器在功能振动试验后出现的故障为研究对象,对其进行目测检查、随机振动仿真分析和受力分析,定位故障原因,随后结合应力应变关系公式、高斯区间法和Miner累积损伤定律,推导内导体的疲劳寿命计算公式。结果计算得到内导体自身的振动响应应力仅为0.26 MPa,不足以产生疲劳破坏,但在振动激励下,连接器随模块的振动位移较大,超出了连接器的间隙容差范围,致使受压的内导体端面出现较大的往复动摩擦力,而摩擦力引起内导体根部的应力（250.13 MPa）超过了材料的疲劳极限,内导体有疲劳断裂的风险。进一步计算出内导体的振动疲劳寿命为0.67 h,小于功能振动试验时间,证实是振动位移引起的摩擦导致了内导体的疲劳断裂。结论 轴向弹性触碰式连接器必须要重视摩擦力的危害,提高模块的安装刚度,可以有效地提高连接器的可靠性。     

GIS支持下土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的分级研究

根据土壤侵蚀特点，在IDRISI地理信息系统（GIS）支持下，研究设计了小流域空间与属性数据库的建设，在GIS系统支持下可有效地实现区域土壤侵蚀潜在危险的分级及其空间分析。首先，采用侵蚀预报的数学模型来估算土壤侵蚀星，用土壤详查资料编制土层厚度和土壤容重图，然后，由土壤年均侵蚀量，土层厚度和土壤容重得到土壤抗蚀年限图，按水利部标准将土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为5级。最后，为表明某一地区或地类土壤侵蚀潜在危险的大小，还提出了土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数（SEPDI）。以三峡库区的王家桥小流域为例进行了研究，并且分析了其空间分布特点。     

治理长江上游水土流失的对策

作为一个发展中国家,中国除了由工业污染造成的臭氧层破坏、酸雨、光化学烟雾等环境问题之外。还有水土流失、沙漠化、森林植被减少等所谓的“欠发达的环境问题”。近年来,长江上游的水土流失问题十分严重,不仅成为长江下游洪涝灾害的址接原因,而且还然及整个长江流域的可持续发展。为了加快长江上游水土流失治理的进程,本文提出政府要从制度创新、加强组织体系建设、宣传可持续发展的新观念等多方面入手,进行全面综合治理。     

Optimal spatial resolution for collection of ground data and multi-sensor image mapping of a soil erosion cover factor

Military training activities disturb ground and vegetation cover of landscapes and increases potential soil erosion. To monitor the dynamics of soil erosion, there is an important need for an optimal sampling design in which determining the optimal spatial resolutions in terms of size of sample plots used for the collection of ground data and the size of pixels for mapping. Given a sample size, an optimal spatial resolution should be cost-efficient in both sampling costs and map accuracy. This study presents a spatial variability-based method for that purpose and compared it with the traditional methods in a study area in which a soil erosion cover factor was sampled and mapped with multiple plot sizes and multi-sensor images. The results showed that the optimal spatial resolutions obtained using the spatial variability-based method were 12 and 20m for years 1999 and 2000, respectively, and were consistent with those using the traditional methods. Moreover, the most appropriate spatial resolutions using the high-resolution images were also consistent with those using ground sample data, which provides a potential to use the high-resolution images instead of ground data to determine the optimal spatial resolutions before sampling. The most appropriate spatial resolutions above were then verified in terms of cost-efficiency which was defined as the product of sampling cost and map error using ordinary kriging without images and sequential Gaussian co-simulation with images to generate maps.     

基于GIS的四川岷江上游杂谷脑流域农林复合景观格局优化

随着景观格局、生态过程与生态功能关系研究的深入,景观格局优化成为景观生态学研究中的前沿问题。景观格局优化的方法和判别准则随研究区的特点而异,从方法上进行景观格局优化探讨,在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下建立了包括景观分类图(1974和2000年)、温度、降雨、地形图、土壤类型图等数据的空间数据库,利用地理信息系统强大的空间数据管理和空间分析与运算能力,以土地综合利用和土壤侵蚀为判别准则,引入了潜在土壤侵蚀强度这一概念,在地理信息系统环境中运用空间模拟和土地利用优先级规定,对岷江上游杂谷脑流域进行景观优化。结果显示优化后的景观格局显著改善土壤侵蚀问题     

Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed,Ethiopia Using SWAT Model1

Setegn, Shimelis G., Bijan Dargahi, Ragahavan Srinivasan, and Assefa M. Melesse, 2010. Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed, Ethiopia Using SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):514-526. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00431.x Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was tested for prediction of sediment yield in Anjeni-gauged watershed, Ethiopia. Soil erosion and land degradation is a major problem on the Ethiopian highlands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and applicability of SWAT model in predicting monthly sediment yield and assess the impacts of subbasin delineation and slope discretization on the prediction of sediment yield. Ten years monthly meteorological, flow and sediment data were used for model calibration and validation. The annual average measured sediment yield was 24.6 tonnes/ha. The annual average simulated sediment yield was 27.8 and 29.5 tones/ha for calibration and validation periods, respectively. The study found that the observed values showed good agreement with the simulated sediment yield with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.81, percent bias (PBIAS) = 28%, RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) = 0.23, and coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.86 for calibration and NSE = 0.79, PBIAS = 30%, RSR = 0.29, and R² = 0.84 for validation periods. The model can be used for further analysis of different management scenarios that could help different stakeholders to plan and implement appropriate soil and water conservation strategies.     

紫色土坡面跌坑贯穿发生细沟的水动力过程

跌坑是坡面土壤特性和薄层水流动力的耦合作用形成,而跌坑对坡面漫流的集中导致了水流流速、流深和切应力的变化,进一步塑造了侵蚀坡面形态导致跌坑贯穿发生细沟;目前关于跌坑与水动力耦合作用的研究相对较少。采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,分析了跌坑对径流特征的影响,定义了径流集中度〖WTBX〗Kc〖WTBZ〗,回归调查了径流集中后切应力与跌坑贯穿下切速率的关系。结果表明：紫色土曼宁糙度系数随雨强增大而减小,漫流区坡面曼宁糙度系数变化介于0014～0026,沟道曼宁糙度系数变化介于0008～0015;薄层水流流速和流深顺坡增大,在跌坑处集中后流速剧增,雨强越大流速越大、流深越小;径流切应力顺坡增大,跌坑集中薄层水流而切应力剧增导致跌坑贯穿;试验紫色土可蚀性参数〖WTBX〗Ke〖WTBZ〗为0144 s/m,跌坑贯穿的临界切应力为248 Pa。     

模拟降雨试验研究神东矿区不同阶段堆积弃土的水土流失

选择了神东矿区内坡度范围在30°～35°之间,弃土时间分别为2002～2003年、2000～2001年、1998～1999年、1996～1997年、1994～1995年、1992～1993年、1990～1991年以及原状土共计8个试验区进行强度为1.5和2.5mm·min-1的土壤侵蚀模拟试验.经过数据处理,获得了16场降雨的累积产沙曲线;利用统计软件SPSS11.5进行因子分析,确定了影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子为弃土堆积时间和土壤的植被覆盖度.结果表明,不同阶段弃土具有明显不同的抗侵蚀能力;随着堆积时间的增加,弃土的植被覆盖度和抗侵蚀能力都有较明显的提高;弃土时间超过7a的地区植被和抗侵蚀能力都有较好的恢复,而堆积时间超过10a的弃土基本达到原状土土壤的抗侵蚀水平.