REELFOOT LAKE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The three basins of Reelfoot Lake, which is located in northwestern Tennessee, were investigated using the Cs-137 tracer technique to determine rates of sediment deposition and to estimate the time before the basins will fill with sediment. Blue Basin, the largest of the three basins with 2922 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 0.9 cm/yr from 1984 to 1984. The basin will become too shallow for most boating and recreational activities in about 200 years. Buck Basin, the central basin with 774 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.1 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 100 years. Upper Blue Basin, the most upstream and smallest basin with 439 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.7 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 60 years. Two important sources of sediment to Reelfoot Lake are erosion from a large number of soybean fields and channelization of many of the streams that flow into the lake. Changes in land management that would reduce erosion could increase the time the lake would remain usable for recreational activities.     

Soil erosion in developing countries: A politicoeconomic explanation

Soil erosion is accelerating in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has threatened the livelihood of millions of peasants, for agriculture is their economic mainstay. A probe into the forces causing erosion reveals that the elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food, fuelwood, and fodder are the two major factors accelerating soil erosion. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control the accelerating rate of soil erosion and thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development. In this article, the phenomenon “soil erosion” is studied with the sol e focus on causation through anthropogenic factors.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀专家系统试验研究

本文介绍了黄土丘陵的沟壑区土壤侵蚀专家系统的建造原理与方法.系统采用压缩编码方式存贮各种地学图形与遥感图象数据,具有效据与图象的存贮更新、查询检索、分析处理、图象显示和自动制图功能.该系统可对黄土地区的土壤侵蚀进行准确、快速的预测、预报,并对土壤侵蚀的综合治理,水土保持规划提出几种可行性建议供用户选择。用该系统对山西省离石县王家沟流域羊道沟的土壤侵蚀进行了试验研究,并对试验结果进行了系统评价。     

毁林与汉代居延垦区的衰落

本文根据历史史料，阐明了汉代居延垦区由兴旺发达到衰落的历史原因。进一步说明了乱破滥伐森林带来的恶果。开发大自然必须遵循自然规律，切不可盲目蛮干，毫无克制。     

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON FARM STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Utilizing predictions of pollutant movement generated by the CREAMS model, the economics of reducing field losses of sediment and nitrate percolation were compared between two soil types on each of two slopes common to the Upper Eastern Shore of Maryland. The soils considered were Matapeake silt loam and Sassafras sandy loam textures on field slopes of 3.5 percent and 7.5 percent. A representative cash grain farm was used as a basis of comparison. Under assumptions of profit maximization, economic optimal cropping systems varied by slope. Results further indicated that relative cost-effectiveness of sediment or nitrate percolation control varied by soil type for both slopes considered. Unit costs of sediment control were less on silt loam soils, while unit costs of nitrate percolation control were less on sandy loam soils.     

Sediment–Water Interactions in an Eroded and Heavy Metal Contaminated Peatland Catchment,Southern Pennines,UK

Atmospherically deposited lead in the upper layer of the heavily eroded peatlands of the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK, reaches concentrations in excess of 1,000 mg kg⁻¹. Erosion of the upper peat layer in this region is releasing lead, associated with eroded peat particles, into the fluvial system. Understanding the process mechanisms that control dissolved lead concentrations in contaminated peatland streams is vital for understanding lead cycling and transport in peatland streams. Many headwater streams of the southern Pennines recharge drinking water reservoirs. Measurements in the Upper North Grain (UNG) study catchment show that mean sediment-associated and dissolved lead concentrations are 102 ± 39.4 mg kg⁻¹ and 5.73 ± 2.16 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Experimental evidence demonstrates that lead can desorb from suspended sediments, composed of contaminated peat, into stream waters. In-stream processing could therefore account for the elevated dissolved lead concentrations in the fluvial system of UNG.     

1999年6月16日大咕噜沟泥石流

通过对岷江大咕噜沟 1999 0 6 16泥石流的数次现场考察与观测 ,首先叙述了本次泥石流的活动及其危害情况 ,描述了泥石流的形成条件 ,指出了泥石流发生的原因 ,认为本次泥石流是由于大咕噜沟流域内物质的含水量较高 ,在连续暴雨的条件下其含水量将会超饱和 ,引起二岔沟以上南支右岸海拔 3750m处的沟岸滑 ,进而产生泥石流的。然后对流沟沟床演变以及单侧支流入汇的影响进行了分析 ,认为大咕噜沟主沟呈串珠状沟道 ,平面上宽窄相间 ,纵剖面为深潭—跌水形式 ,跌坎的形成通常有以下三种情况 :一种是沟床本身为岩石或含有岩石 ,一种是两岸崩塌或滑坡而残留的粗大堆积物形成 ,一种是支流的冲出物或堆积扇形成。另外 ,同岸支沟的存在使主河逼近对岸 ,在岩坡稳定性较差的条件下 ,使对岸产生相当规模的崩塌或滑坡。最后 ,提出防治泥石流灾害的建议。     

三峡库区王家桥小流域土壤侵蚀因子初步研究

通过对王家桥小流域土壤，降雨，植被和地形等因子的分析，探讨了土壤抗侵蚀性能，分析了坡面侵蚀与各影响因子间的关系，建立了基于降雨基础上的全流域输沙幂函数回归方程。结果表明，本地区土壤因具有较强的渗透性，抗冲，抗蚀和抗剪切破坏的能力，而使其保持较小的可侵蚀性；坡面侵蚀中的主要影响因素是雨强和径流量（或降雨量）的大小；流域内土壤侵蚀的形式主要表现为暴雨作用下的重力侵蚀，在影响土壤侵蚀的诸多因子中降雨是关键性的，它的强度和年分布对年侵蚀模数的大小具有决定性作用。同时，通过分析各种雨强（平均雨强，最大雨强，最大15分钟雨强，最大30分钟雨强，最大60分钟雨强）对土壤侵蚀量的影响，结果表明，虽然最大60分钟雨强具有最优相关性，但在多元回归方程中，采用最大30分钟雨强回归效果最佳。     

云南松林控制坡地侵蚀的机械效应分析

坡面稳定性的机械效应包括土壤加强作用、斜向支撑作用、坡面负荷作用、风力传递和根楔壁作用。试验证明 ,云南松林通过其机械效应加强了林区土壤稳定性 ,提高了土层的抗剪强度。云南松林的机械效应及其作用在土壤侵蚀控制和斜坡保护、滑坡泥石流防治、坡面生态工程应用等方面具有广阔的应用前景。在云南省实践应用中具有较好的可行性