土壤侵蚀径流水动力学特性及其影响因素的研究进展

坡面径流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素之一,研究坡面径流水动力学特性的变化规律及其影响因素对于深入认识土壤侵蚀机制具有重要意义。本文跟踪和报道了国内外土壤侵蚀径流水动力学特性指标的测算方法及其影响因素等方面的最新研究进展,在深入分析当前研究的不足的基础上,指出了今后开展土壤侵蚀水动力学研究的方向和重点领域。     

Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability Through the Use of GIS Tools in South Sicily (Italy)

This study assessed coastal erosion vulnerability along a 90-km sector, which included both erosional and accretionary beaches, and different levels of human occupation. Two aerial photogrammetric flights were used to reconstruct coastal evolution between 1977 and 1999. During this period, extensive accretion was recorded updrift of human structures at harbors and ports, e.g., Scoglitti (105.6 m), Donnalucata (52.8 m), and Pozzallo (94.6 m). Conversely, erosion was recorded in downdrift areas, with maximum values at Modica Stream mouth (63.8 m) and Point Castellazzo (35.2 m). Assessments were subsequently divided into four categories ranging from “high erosion” to “accretion.” Several sources were examined to assess human activities and land use. The latter was mapped and divided into four categories, ranging from “very high” to “no capital” land use. Subsequently, coastal erosion vulnerability was assessed by combining land use categories with recorded coastline behavior. Results showed “very high” to “high” vulnerability along 5.8% and 16.6%, respectively, of the littoral, while 20.9% and 56.7%, respectively, was found to exhibit “medium” and “low/very low” vulnerability. A very good agreement between predicted coastal vulnerability and coastal trend had been observed over recent years. Furthermore, several human structures and activities are located within the “imminent collapse zone (ICZ)” which reached maximum values of 17.5 m at Modica Stream and 13.5 m at Point Braccetto.     

三亚湾东段海岸侵蚀与海滩养护

海岸侵蚀是当前沿海地区普遍所面临的挑战之一,许多城市景观海滩区沿海景观和旅游休闲功能已受到海岸侵蚀的直接影响,侵蚀性景观海滩的人工养护对保持海滩品位和促进旅游可持续发展具有重要意义。在分析三亚湾东段动力泥沙环境和岸滩自然特征基础上,根据卫星遥感影像资料、固定断面测量资料对比分析了该岸段的侵蚀特征和成因,提出以增加沙源有效供给和增强海滩抗冲刷能力为目标的海滩养护修复途径,设计了海滩养护方案。根据海滩养护工程实施后的地形断面监测对比,海滩养护后海滩范围扩大,达到修复目标。补沙工程一年半后,岸滩整体较为稳定,补沙后的泥沙流失量未有显著增加,达到预期效果。     

东北松嫩典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀沿坡长变化规律及其对土壤质量的影响

东北黑土区,尤其是农垦地区,是我国重要的粮食生产基地。土壤侵蚀导致耕地质量严重退化,威胁粮食安全。选取克山农场坡长为1020 m的直型坡、凹型坡和凹—直复合型坡耕地,利用¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算坡面土壤侵蚀模数,测定土壤有机碳作为耕地土壤质量参数,揭示典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度沿坡长变化规律及耕地土壤质量参数的响应。结果表明：（1）不同坡形长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀差异显著,直型坡多年平均侵蚀速率（3040 t·km^-2·a^-1）<复合型坡（3395 t·km^-2·a^-1）<凹型坡（4220 t·km^-2·a^-1）。（2）直型坡、凹型坡、凹—直复合型坡均呈现出侵蚀强—弱周期性变化规律,其振荡周期分别为380 m、250 m和300 m。（3）土壤有机碳含量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系,其沿坡长变化规律与土壤侵蚀速率沿坡长变化规律相反。土壤侵蚀是造成黑土坡耕地土壤质量退化的直接原因,研究结果可为黑土长缓坡耕地水土保持措施的精准布设及土壤养分管理提供理论支持。     

基于遥感信息的黄河中游水土流失敏感区淤地坝坝地资源特征研究

淤地坝是黄河中游黄土高原区水土流失防治的有效工程措施之一,在拦泥淤地、建设农田、巩固退耕还林（草）、改善生态环境等方面发挥了重要作用。基于WorldView-2、Google Earth、Bing、Sentinel-2多源遥感影像并结合实地淤地坝监测资料、NDVI和土地类型数据,本文完成了晋西南地区淤地坝坝地资源（数目、面积、位置、坝系、流域面积）的统计,并对其运行现状进行了评估。结果表明：截至2021年,晋西南地区淤地坝共计12167座,总面积达71.19 km²。规模上该区主要以小型淤地坝（＜0.015 km²）为主;空间上主要集中于中部的汾西县、洪洞县和浮山县地区,坝地数量和面积分别占总数量和面积的67.37%（8197座）和56.67%（40.35 km²）。目前,56.58%的淤地坝已经处于服务超限状态,平均超限5—10 a,其中,隰县、大宁县、汾西县、吉县和乡宁县地区淤地坝超限较为严重,60%以上的淤地坝已处于淤满状态。淤地坝的修建明显促进了黄土高原地区植被恢复、拦泥蓄容、建设耕地资源,但随着一些淤地坝的“淤满”,其生态和经济服务功能明显下降,并存在一定的潜在风险,亟需地方流域管理部门重视并采取有效措施。     

Deteriorated watersheds can be restored: A case study

A project in west-central Colorado demonstrated that a watershed dissected by a dense gully network can be stabilized and rehabilitated. Check dam systems, aided by improved vegetative cover through reduced cattle grazing and plantings, stabilized not only the structurally treated gullies, but also gullies within the network that were not structurally treated. Comparison with untreated gullies located outside of the project area, showed that the outside gullies widened three times as much as the structurally untreated inside gullies. Statistical analysis indicated that precipitation was normal during the treatment and evaluation period.Check dams decreased gully depth by accumulating sediment deposits. In turn, gully bank stabilization was hastened and alluvial aquifer volumes increased. This increase, plus higher infiltration rates as a result of denser vegetation, led to renewed perennial streamflow after 7 treatment years.Within 11 years after treatment, check dam systems and improved vegetation reduced sediment loads in the flows by more than 90 percent, providing a substantial benefit to farmlands and ponds downstream.From this work we are able to conclude that only part of a gully network requires structural treatment. The mainstem gully, and those tributaries controlling the local base levels of others, are the critical segments that should be structurally treated.     

THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON A NORTH FLORIDA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT A 20 month study of some effects of highway construction on water quality was conducted during construction of Interstate 10 at Tallahassee, Florida. Highway construction resulted in significant increases in turbidity, suspended solids, total phosphorus, and dissolved silicon in downstream waters despite use of recommended procedures for erosion control. Highway construction did not result in significant increases in dissolved phosphorus or nitrogen.     

长江上游区的坡面土壤流失及侵蚀防治

长江上游区的嘉陵江流域、金沙江渡口至屏山河段流域、三峡库区及库周区,土壤坡面流失量都超过3000t/a·km~2,属长江上游流失严重之最,应列为首批治理重点区;三峡区长江主航道及近主航道支流两岸的重力侵蚀十分严重,给长江输入大量难以排除的砂石物质,应重点加强此区域的重力侵蚀防治。最后对此区的水土保持提出了6条意见。     

Land use Systems and Erosion in the Uplands of the Central Coast, Vietnam

Soil erosion is a significant problem in the uplands of the Central Coast, Vietnam. It affects the livelihood of farmers and could hinder the long-term economic development efforts in the uplands. Yet, trapped in poverty, upland farmers, especially the ethnic minority, are still mining the soil using erosive land use systems to meet their urgent needs. This study demonstrates that the level of soil erosion varies across the typical land use systems. The fruit tree-based agroforestry (AF) system is least erosive and most financially profitable. The choice of land use system is influenced by farmers' attributes, land plot characteristics, and policy-related variables. The set of policy variables is important in explaining land use choice by upland farmers. Promoting the switch to AF system and the adoption of soil conservation is of great importance to reducing soil erosion and sustaining development in the uplands. However, it is a very challenging task.     

水土流失灾害防治与黄河经济开发

本文以大量资料和史实,论证了水土流失对工矿、交通、水利、农业等基础工业、基础设施和基础产业的危害;阐明了防治水土流失灾害,是治理黄河的根本,是经济建设的基础,对于黄河流域资源开发具有促进和保障作用。