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31.
Marco Ferretti 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1997,48(1):45-72
Part of this paper has been prepared for the lecture Forest Health Assessment-Criteria,Methods and Problems given by the author at the UIMPuniversity course Sanidad Forestal en el Bosques Mediterraneos yTemplados. Implicacion de la Contaminacion Atmosferica y del Cambio Global, held in Valencia, Spain, October, 1995. Assessment and monitoring of forest health representsa key point for environmental policy and for the management ofenvironmental resources. With the renewed interest in assessment andmonitoring of forest health generated by the suspected occurrence ofa widespread forest decline in Europe and North America, manyactivities have been undertaken: however, some questions should beconsidered and clarified when attempting to estimate forest health.Particularly, the objective(s) of the assessment and monitoringprogram should be carefully identified. Identification of a program‘stask has a number of implications and consequences: it implies adefinition of what concept of forest health (forest ecosystem health,forest health or forest trees health?) is assumed, what will be thetarget entity to be monitored, and therefore the identification of therelevant assessment questions and assessment endpoints.Consequences concern the definition of the spatial scale (frominternational to landscape and plot scale monitoring) and ecologicalcoverage (from single species population to population ofecosystems) of the program, which can have a considerable influenceon the choice of the proper sampling strategy and tactic, as well ason the most suitable methods, indicators and indices to be used.Although much of the work in the field of forest health and airpollution has concentrated on surveys on crown transparency anddiscoloration, there is an entire range of methods, indicators andindices developed to assess the health status of forests. The decisionas to which ones should be used will depend on the aim of theprogram and on economic and practical considerations. A furtherconsideration concerns the time span of the program, but anydecision in this field is subject to many limitations due to difficultiesin predicting future monitoring needs. All these points should becarefully considered and implemented according to a rigorousQuality Assurance procedure since any decision will influence futurework for many years. 相似文献
32.
分析了建立锡山市跨行政区水域边界监控点的必要和可行性,并阐述了建立锡山市排污总量控制体系的重要性,以便提高整个区域的水环境质量。 相似文献
33.
酸性法测定高锰酸盐指数加热时间的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
张美萍 《环境监测管理与技术》1997,9(1):38-38
酸性法测定高锰酸盐指数,会因实验条件的差异产生不同的结果。对不同加热时间,加热方式等因素进行了试验,结果表明加热时间以水浴加热沸腾30min或电炉直接加热8min为宜。 相似文献
34.
对北京中央电视塔周围25 km2区域电磁环境质量分别进行了射频的网格法手工监测和车载巡测自动监测,通过SPSS软件等对两种监测方法获取的数据进行了统计对比分析,发现两组数据在总体水平及数值分布特征上较为接近,因此车载巡测监测可以替代网格法监测。以车载巡测数据为基础,绘制了实测数据的道路电磁地图,利用插值法绘制了区域电磁地图,对区域电磁环境质量进行了直观表征。从回应公众关注和城市电磁规划出发,建议今后可利用车载巡测监测加强时域和频域的监测。 相似文献
35.
为了筛选蚕豆叶尖微核监测技术敏感材料,以二甲苯为污染物,对甘肃产的10个蚕豆品种进行了测试。结果表明,蚕引8号微核出现率与二甲苯诱变剂浓度成正比,平均微核率差异极显著,是监测评价二甲苯污染的敏感品种。 相似文献
36.
37.
利用面向对象技术、多线程技术和动态链接技术在嵌入式操作Windows CE上开发了移动环境监测系统。介绍了基于实时嵌入式操作的移动环境监测系统的设计原理、系统框架及关键技术。指出在嵌入式计算机上实现移动环境监测,既可以进行在线环境监测,也可以减少开发的费用和硬件投资。该系统的特点是集成度高,体积小,反应速度快,智能化高,稳定性好和可靠性强。 相似文献
38.
39.
William F. Laurance 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,61(1):113-122
This paper describes four global-change phenomena that are having major impacts on Amazonian forests. The first is accelerating deforestation and logging. Despite recent government initiatives to slow forest loss, deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazonia have increased from 1.1 million ha yr–1 in the early 1990s, to nearly 1.5 million ha yr–1 from 1992–1994, and to more than 1.9 million ha yr–1 from 1995–1998. Deforestation is also occurring rapidly in some other parts of the Amazon Basin, such as in Bolivia and Ecuador, while industrialized logging is increasing dramatically in the Guianas and central Amazonia.The second phenomenon is that patterns of forest loss and fragmentation are rapidly changing. In recent decades, large-scale deforestation has mainly occurred in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon — in the Brazilian states of Pará, Maranho, Rondônia, Acre, and Mato Grosso, and in northern Bolivia. While rates of forest loss remain very high in these areas, the development of major new highways is providing direct conduits into the heart of the Amazon. If future trends follow past patterns, land-hungry settlers and loggers may largely bisect the forests of the Amazon Basin.The third phenomenon is that climatic variability is interacting with human land uses, creating additional impacts on forest ecosystems. The 1997/98 El Niño drought, for example, led to a major increase in forest burning, with wildfires raging out of control in the northern Amazonian state of Roraima and other locations. Logging operations, which create labyrinths of roads and tracks in forsts, are increasing fuel loads, desiccation and ignition sources in forest interiors. Forest fragmentation also increases fire susceptibility by creating dry, fire-prone forest edges.Finally, recent evidence suggests that intact Amazonian forests are a globally significant carbon sink, quite possibly caused by higher forest growth rates in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 fertilization. Evidence for a carbon sink comes from long-term forest mensuration plots, from whole-forest studies of carbon flux and from investigations of atmospheric CO2 and oxygen isotopes. Unfortunately, intact Amazonian forests are rapidly diminishing. Hence, not only is the destruction of these forests a major source of greenhouse gases, but it is reducing their intrinsic capacity to help buffer the rapid anthropogenic rise in CO2. 相似文献
40.
Longhurst J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):27-42
Denmark has a long tradition of monitoring the aquatic environment. Previous monitoring has mainly focused on loss of nutrients
and subsequent impacts on the biological structure in lakes and coastal areas. However, as part of the third Action Plan for
the Aquatic Environment more emphasis has been put on stream ecology. The present paper describes background, strategy and
content of the new NOVANA stream programme, which will run for the period 2004–2009. The new programme will encompass more
than 800 stations covering all stream types in Denmark and monitoring will include three biological quality elements (macrophytes,
macroinvertebrates and fish) as well as physico-chemical features and hydromorphological elements. In addition, the new programme
integrates monitoring of elements both in the stream itself and in the riparian zone. Compliance with important European Commission
Directives such as the Water Framework Directive and the Habitat Directive is discussed. 相似文献