A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

pH值调控柠檬酸污泥厌氧发酵产酸及碳源潜力研究

以柠檬酸废水厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物,在不同pH值调控条件下开展柠檬酸生产废水剩余活性污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究.通过对发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、有机质、氮磷和污泥脱水性能的分析,探讨了柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸机制.结果表明,pH≥10的碱性条件更有利于有机质的溶出从而促进VFAs的产生.三维荧光光谱分析发现在恒定pH值下腐殖酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)会大量溶出降低VFAs的产量.初始pH=10是柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸的最佳p H值,发酵4d的VFAs浓度最高达(6681.47±126.82)mgCOD/L,是文献报道中市政污泥产酸量的近2倍,其中乙酸占比49.8%,发酵后产酸功能菌Chloroflexi、Bacteroidota的相对丰度分别由初始的9.52%、10.87%增至16.84%、14.39%,污泥归一化毛细吸水时间(nCST)为(11.34±0.27)s·L/g,脱水性能良好,发酵液TP浓度为(20.45±0.33) mg/L.研究表明,利用柠檬酸剩余活性污泥碱性厌氧发酵产酸作为污水处理过程中的外加碳源具有较大潜力.     

Impact of microbial communities from tropical soils on the mobilization of trace metals during dissolution of cinnabar ore

Biodissolution experiments on cinnabar ore(mercury sulphide and other sulphide minerals,such as pyrite) were performed with microorganisms extracted directly from soil. These experiments were carried out in closed systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 2 different soils sampled in French Guyana. The two main objectives of this study were(1) to quantify the ability of microorganisms to mobilize metals(Fe, Al, Hg) during the dissolution of cinnabar ore, and(2) to identify the links between the type and chemical properties of soils, environmental parameters such as season and the strategies developed by indigenous microorganisms extracted from tropical natural soils to mobilize metals.Results indicate that microbial communities extracted directly from various soils are able to(1) survive in the presence of cinnabar ore, as indicated by consumption of carbon sources and,(2) leach Hg from cinnabar in oxic and anoxic dissolution experiments via the acidification of the medium and the production of low molecular mass organic acids(LMMOAs). The dissolution rate of cinnabar in aerobic conditions with microbial communities ranged from 4.8 × 10~(-4) to 2.6 × 10~(-3) μmol/m~2/day and was independent of the metabolites released by the microorganisms. In addition, these results suggest an indirect action by the microorganisms in the cinnabar dissolution. Additionally, because iron is a key element in the dynamics of Hg, microbes were stimulated by the presence of this metal,and microbes released LMMOAs that leached iron from iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and oxy-hydroxide of iron, in the mixed cinnabar ore.     

东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布特征及来源

大气气溶胶中的二元羧酸因其在全球气候变化中的潜在作用而受到广泛关注.利用2011年5月12日-6月6日在东海采集的气溶胶样品,分析其中水溶性二元羧酸及常量离子浓度,探讨东海气溶胶中二元羧酸的时空分布特征及来源.结果显示东海大气气溶胶中乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的浓度分别为26.0～1475.5 ng·m-3、0.1 ～61.4 ng·m-3和0.1～132.4 ng·m-3,乙二酸在这3种二元羧酸中的贡献最大,为88.3％.东海气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度的昼夜变化不显著.空间分布整体呈现近海高、远海低的趋势.气团的来源和迁移路径以及气象因素影响气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布,气团来自污染较重的陆源时气溶胶中二元羧酸的浓度较高,气团来自清洁的海洋源时,二元羧酸的浓度则较低;阴雾天气时气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度相对较高,降雨发生时二元羧酸的浓度较低.二元羧酸与常量离子的相关性分析表明,自然源和人为源释放的挥发性有机物质在液相中氧化生成二元羧酸是东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的主要源,而汽车尾气和生物质燃烧的一次排放、海洋源以及碱性粗颗粒吸收气体二元羧酸不是主要源.液相中乙醛酸氧化形成的乙二酸和长链二元羧酸氧化形成的乙二酸对东海气溶胶中乙二酸的贡献分别为41％和59％.     

pH和有机酸对氟溶出砖红壤中铝离子的影响

研究砖红壤对F-的吸附反应尤其是随后Al3+的释放过程,有助于增进对土壤酸化过程及其环境影响的理解. 在初步揭示出F-吸附反应以及Al3+释放反应的动力学特征基础上,重点考察了pH和有机酸对上述反应的影响. 结果表明:土壤对F-的吸附反应十分迅速,2 min内吸附量即可达到24 h内总吸附量95%,而土壤中不同含铝矿物的溶解度差异使Al3+的释放过程在前15 min十分迅速,释放量可达24 h内总释放量的80%,随后则逐渐减缓. 降低反应体系pH可促进Al3+释放,但会使F-吸附量减少,这是因为伴随Al3+的释放,部分F-又可以AlF络合物的形态重新进入溶液,尽管在低pH条件下,土壤表面以带正电荷为主而有利于F-吸附. 草酸和抗坏血酸对土壤吸附F-均有抑制作用,但对F-溶出土壤Al3+有促进作用. 此外,草酸对土壤铁氧化物的选择性溶解作用,可使更多F-吸附在土壤铝氧化物位点,并导致Al3+释放量增加.      

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.     

海河流域重污染河流表层沉积物氨基酸组成特征

为探明子牙河水系沉积物氮的主要形态,采用柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱-同位素内标法研究了表层沉积物中20种氨基酸的形态及组成特征.结果表明:子牙河水系沉积物中有机氮是氮的主要存在形态,沉积物有机氮(SON)平均浓度为3114 mg·kg^-1,总水解氨基酸氮(THAAs-N)占SON的45.53%;蛋白类氨基酸氮是THAAs-N的主体,占THAAs-N的90.24%,为沉积物潜在释放氮及矿化氮的主体;子牙河水系表层沉积物氨基酸以甘氨酸(Gly)、脯氨酸(Pro)摩尔含量最高,分别占THAAs的14.70%、10.00 %;根据官能团类型分类,蛋白类氨基酸为主要类别,占THAAs的89.50%;蛋白类氨基酸以中性氨基酸为主,平均含量为THAAs的40.69%;亚氨基酸及非蛋白类氨基酸的含量差异性从侧面反映出水系河流污染物来源;采用Glu/γ-Aba及DI指数判断有机质的降解程度,结果显示子牙河水系大部分区域沉积物有机质降解程度较低.     

黄山PM10中二元羧酸类化合物的季节变化特征及其来源

为研究黄山大气PM_(10)中二元羧酸类化合物的季节变化特征,分别于2015年夏季、冬季在黄山山顶采集PM_(10)样品,并分析二元羧酸、酮羧酸和α-二羰基化合物.结果表明,无论在夏季还是冬季,草酸(HOOC—COOH,C_2)均是浓度最高的二元羧酸,其次是丙二酸(HOOC—CH_2—COOH,C_3)、丁二酸[HOOC—(CH_2)_2—COOH,C_4],这与其它高海拔地区的分子组成是相似的.大部分二元羧酸的浓度呈冬低夏高的季节变化特征,但是冬季己二酸(C_6)和邻苯二甲酸(Ph)的浓度约高于夏季的2倍,表明冬季黄山大气受周边地区所排放的人为污染物的影响更大.作为二元羧酸的重要前体物,乙二醛(Gly)与甲基乙二醛(mGly)的浓度呈冬高夏低的季节变化特征,表明夏季黄山气溶胶的氧化性比冬季强.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,黄山冬季SOA主要来自人为源的长距离传输,而夏季SOA主要是当地生物源经二次氧化形成.气溶胶无机模型(AIM)的计算结果表明,黄山夏季的C_2主要是经酸催化反应二次形成的.     

零价铁对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因及第一类整合子的消减影响

为研究污泥高温厌氧消化过程中零价铁(Fe0)对抗生素抗性基因的消减影响,采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了7种四环素抗性基因(TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX)及第一类整合子int I1基因在厌氧消化过程中的丰度变化,同时检测分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的质量浓度变化,并探讨了目标基因与VFAs之间的相关关系.结果表明,适量Fe0(如0.10 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)不仅可以强化污泥厌氧消化进程,显著提高总VFAs和乙酸的产生量,而且能够增强TCARGs和int I1基因的消减效果.尽管如此,过量Fe0(如1.17 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中TC-ARGs和int I1基因消减的增强效果并不显著,推测可能是由于基因水平转移的发生所导致的.通过相关性分析可知,TC-ARGs(除tetO基因外)和int I1基因与乙酸之间存在显著负相关性,表明乙酸可能对TC-ARGs和int I1基因的消减具有促进作用.