The origin of stable halogenated compounds in volcanic gases

BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3.     

Brij35构筑原位微乳液对四氯乙烯的增溶及脱附效果

利用非离子表面活性剂Brij35与助溶剂正丁醇的二元溶液,与四氯乙烯(PCE)在含水层原位构筑微乳液.重点考察对PCE增溶性能和脱附能力以及在模拟含水层中的形成过程和对模拟含水层的修复效果.结果 表明,微乳液对PCE的最大溶解度达到61.1g/L,增溶能力是单一Brij35溶液和其常规复配组合的9.7和2.3倍,并且P...     

深圳茅洲河表层沉积物卤代多环芳烃污染研究

利用GC-MS方法分析了卤代多环芳烃(halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,HPAHs)在深圳茅洲河流域表层沉积物中的含量水平以及空间分布特征.所关注的3种氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,ClPAHs)和6种溴代多环芳烃(brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,BrPAHs)的含量范围分别是3.00～301 ng.g-1和7.52～285ng.g-1.表层沉积物中HPAHs的主要污染来源包括垃圾焚烧、化石燃料的燃烧、汽车尾气以及农作物秸秆焚烧,它们所占的比例分别是40%、20.5%、11.9%和11.7%.此外,表层沉积物中ClPAHs和BrPAHs的毒性当量(toxic equivalency quotients,TEQs)范围分别是7.95～38.1 pg.g-1和38.1～105 pg.g-1.研究发现,HPAHs的含量与采样点周边土地利用类型有关.随着工业用地密度的增大,表层沉积物中HPAHs的含量呈现出一个先增后减的趋势;而表层沉积物中HPAHs的含量与农业用地密度呈反比关系.