离子色谱法测定环境水样阴离子处理方法的试验

本文研究了离子色谱法测定环境水样中阴离子时样品的一般处理方法。该方法以固体无水碳酸钠处理水样并以酚酞指示剂指示处理的终点,以邻苯二甲酸除去样品碱性干扰,以活性炭吸附水样中的有机物和酚酞指示剂。研究测试和监测实践的结果表明,该方法应用于环境监测简单可靠。     

发生氢气分离离子色谱法间接测定水中硫化物

利用ＫＢＨ４在酸性条件下分解产生的氢气为载气分离水中硫化物,用ＮａＯＨ—Ｈ２Ｏ２溶液吸收Ｈ２Ｓ,并将其氧化为ＳＯ２－４,用离子色谱法测定ＳＯ２－４。方法用于各种水样中硫化物的测定,相对标准偏差为１．５８％,回收率在９０．５％到９８．２％之间。方法适用于水中硫化物的测定     

CL-5209微色谱柱分离富集光度法测定环境样品中微量铀

研究了ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯微色谱柱柱性能以及对铀和主要伴生元素的分离富集情况。结果表明,在１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硝酸介质中,除铀（Ⅵ）、钍（Ⅳ）、金（Ⅲ）和少量稀土元素能被ＣＬ５２０９萃淋树酯吸附外,其它常见共存元素不被吸附。用５ｍｌ１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＮＯ３可以安全淋洗除去钍和少量稀土,再用１４ｍｌ混合掩蔽剂可以完全解析铀,结合以在溴代十六烷基吡啶存在下５Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ显色,能快速准确地测定环境样品中ｐｐｂ级铀     

锆涂覆石墨管-无火焰原子吸收测定环境水样中微量银

用锆盐对石墨炉进行涂覆处理,同时又将其作为基体改进剂,有效提高了测定环境水样中银的灵敏度和分析精度,方法快速简便,检出限为2 8×10-12g,相对标准偏差小于6 2%。     

巴尔喀什湖流域水化学和同位素空间分布及环境特征

巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦境内,是世界上最大的湖泊之一.伊犁河是巴尔喀什湖的主要补给河流,也是中哈两国重要的跨境河流.通过数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对巴尔喀什湖流域不同水体的化学参数和氢氧稳定同位素(δD和δ¹⁸O)进行分析,初步研究了该区域水化学类型和同位素空间分布特征,探讨了其形成原因和环境意义.结果表明,不同水体的水化学类型不同,湖泊水体的主要化学类型为SO₄-Na和Cl-Na,入湖河流的水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型,其中伊犁河水化学类型从上游到下游由重碳酸盐型过渡到硫酸化物型、氯化物型; Gibbs图显示湖泊水体离子组成位于蒸发作用区,河流水体离子组成位于蒸发作用和岩石风化作用之间,伊犁河从上游到下游向蒸发控制带偏移,反映了上游河水受降水、冰雪融水的补给影响较大,而下游水体受蒸发作用影响较大;此外,PCA分析指示人类活动对湖泊、伊犁河中下游和其他入湖河流水化学的影响.湖泊和河流水体的氢氧同位素组成变化差异较大,湖泊水体氢氧同位素偏正,位于全球大气降水线和哈萨克斯坦地区蒸...     

中国北方河流底栖动物群落季节性演替对水生态环境质量评价的影响

大型底栖动物是评价水生态质量最常用的生物类群,鉴于水生昆虫的生活史特点,在一年当中群落结构会发生季节性变化,如何利用底栖动物数据准确评价水生态质量状况,反映客观实际,值得探讨。将黑龙江省2012—2015年水生生物试点监测47个采样点的108组底栖动物数据进行比较,对群落结构的相似性、物种的更替率和BMWP指数评价结果进行分析,探讨群落的演替及BMWP指数的变化规律。结果表明不同时间采集的样品底栖动物群落之间存在较大差异,评价的结果也存在差异,越是水环境质量好的区域,这种差异越明显。利用底栖动物评价水生态状况,宜选择长时间段的多个采集数据,经统计整理后,利用复合样方(年均值)的特征,评价一段时间内(如以年为单位)的水生态质量状况,使评价结果更具准确性。     

Genetically informed captive breeding of hybrids of an extinct species of Galapagos tortoise

Hybridization poses a major challenge for species conservation because it threatens both genetic integrity and adaptive potential. Yet, hybridization can occasionally offer unprecedented opportunity for species recovery if the genome of an extinct taxon is present among living hybrids such that selective breeding could recapture it. We explored the design elements for establishing a captive-breeding program for Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) built around individuals with admixed ancestry involving an extinct species. The target individuals were hybrids between the extinct species from Floreana Island, C. niger, and an extant species, C. becki, which were recently found in the endemic range of C. becki, from Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. We combined genotypic data from 35 tortoises with high ancestry from C. niger with forward-in-time simulations to explore captive breeding strategies that maximized overall genetic diversity and ancestry from C. niger while accommodating resource constraints, species biology, and the urgency to return tortoises to Floreana Island for facilitating ecosystem restoration. Overall genetic diversity was maximized when in the simulation tortoises were organized in relatively small breeding groups. Substantial amounts of the C. niger genome were captured despite limited resources available for selectively breeding tortoises in captivity. Genetic diversity was maximized when captive-bred offspring were released to the wild rather than being used as additional breeders. Our results provide genetic-based and practical guidance on the inclusion of hybrids with genomic representation from extinct taxa into species restoration programs and informs the ongoing debate on the value of hybrids in biodiversity conservation.     

浓度层析荧光光谱局部匹配溢油鉴别技术

溢油事故的频繁发生对海洋环境造成极大的影响,建立一种快速、准确、经济的现场溢油检测技术及时对事故作出响应有着重要的意义.针对海洋环境中溢油样品浓度和油源都未知的情况,对于溢油可疑样本,获取其浓度参量同步荧光光谱(concentration-synchronous-matrix fluorescence,CSMF),通过在浓度维度上进行插值处理获取的样品的CSMF浓度层析荧光光谱.而对于肇事溢油样品,无需进行脱水浓缩等预处理,只需取现场样本逐级稀释获取小浓度范围内的CSMF局部谱图,并将之与可疑油样大浓度范围内的CSMF浓度层析荧光光谱进行曲面匹配,利用最小二乘法确定最佳匹配光谱,最佳匹配的可疑油样即满足最近油种符合度,而对应的浓度即为待测样本的初始浓度值.对原油样品集交叉检验的结果,样品的识别准确度为92%.该油种鉴别方法快速,准确,并可以同时实现油种鉴别和单位体积内溢油含量的定量.     

基于脱氧核酶的水中铀酰离子荧光检测方法研究

为了实现对于水中铀酰离子的快速灵敏检测,本研究基于脱氧核酶(DNAzyme)对铀酰离子的高特异识别能力及荧光共振能量转移(FRET)的信号产生原理,建立了铀酰离子的荧光检测方法.结果发现,在铀酰离子存在的条件下,两端分别标记荧光基团和淬灭基团的底物链被标记淬灭基团的酶链特异性切断,释放标记荧光基团的底物链片段,使得体系的荧光信号强度得到提高.通过底物链与酶链的比例、浓度及反应时间的优化,提高了检测方法的灵敏性,结果显示,本方法对于铀酰离子的检测限可达到0.7 nmol·L~(-1)(3S/N),并在4~20 nmol·L~(-1)之间保持良好的线性检测范围,整个检测过程仅需6 min即可完成.本检测方法具有良好的选择性,常见的金属离子铜、铅、汞、砷、镁、钙等对于检测结果无明显干扰作用.对清华大学饮用水及自来水的加标回收率实验结果显示,加标回收率分别为98.0%~107.8%和90.0%~108.0%.本研究为今后铀酰离子在实际环境水体中的检测奠定了基础.     

A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices

In this study,graphene oxide was covalently immobilized on silica-coated magnetite and then modified with 2-phenylethylamine to give a nanocomposite of type Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA that can be applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from water samples.The resulting microspheres(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),CHNS elemental analysis,and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM) techniques.The adsorbent possesses the magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles that allow them easily to be separated by an external magnetic field.They also have the high specific surface area of graphene oxide which improves adsorption capacity.Desorption conditions,extraction time,amount of adsorbent,salt concentration,and pH were investigated and optimized.Following desorption,the PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection(GC-FID).The limits of detection(at an S/N ratio of 3) were achieved from 0.005 to0.1 μg/L with regression coefficients(R~2) higher than 0.9954.The relative standard deviations(RSDs) were below 5.8%(intraday) and 6.2%(inter-day),respectively.The method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in environmental water samples where it showed recoveries in the range between 71.7%and 106.7%(with RSDs of 1.6%to 8.4%,for n = 3).The results indicated that the Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA microspheres had a great promise to extraction of PAHs from different water samples.