The interethnic differences of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism analysed by a quantitative and a qualitative method †

The polymorphism of the human serum paraoxonase¹ was analyzed by two distinguished methods in six different ethnic groups (Caucasians, Mongoloids, Negroids), using (1) the Computer Method² and (2) the Carro‐Ciampi Method³‘⁴. Analysis of the response of the enzyme activities to salts resulting in low and high activity ratios.

Comparison of the results:

In Caucasians we distinguished three phenotypes by the Computer method. The polymorphism was governed by two alleles. The Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a two‐allele model was valid. Individuals belonging to the homozygotic group with low activity had a low activity ratio (Carro‐Ciampi method). With both methods a frequency between 57% and 61% was observed for this group. Individuals with medium and high activity had a high activity ratio.

In Negroids and Mongoloids samples we found (by the Computer method) a low activity group (Ghanaians 9.6%, Jamaicans 13.6%, Indonesians 6.7%, Koreans 19.6%). The Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a two‐ or three‐allele model was not valid. Individuals belonging to the low activity group had a low activity ratio, all individuals with higher activity a high activity ratio (Carro‐Ciampi method).

Our results suggest that the members of the low activity group in the three races are homozygote for an identical allele.     

Project tocoen. The fate of selected organic pollutants in the environment—iv. soil,earthworms and vegetation 1988

The samples of soils, earthworms and vegetation (needles, lichens, mosses) were collected for the realization of Project TOCOEN (Toxic Organic Compounds in the ENvironment). The samples were collected from three TOCOEN model areas in Czechoslovakia—one city and two rural areas. The samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides (C1‐PEST) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).     

Cleanup by solid‐phase extraction and HPLC of organochlorine insecticides and PCBS in various nonfatty and fatty samples

An accurate, simple and cheap extraction and cleanup procedure for capillary GC analysis of organo‐chlorine insecticides (OCs) in vegetables (cabbage and carrots) at the ng/g level, and for soil at the μg/g level is presented. The cleanup is carried out on solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, filled with 500 mg silica, 1 g of deactivated Florisil (10% w/w water), and 100 mg of anhydrous sodium sulphate. Recoveries >90% are obtained. The cleanup of OCs in fatty samples on an HPLC LiChrosorb Si 100 column is evaluated for subsequent capillary GC analysis. Fractionation of OCs and Aroclor 1254 and 1260 on an HPLC Nucleosil 100 column appears to be satisfactory.     

碳纳米管在环境样品前处理中的研究现状及应用进展

纳米碳管是一种新型的纳米材料,其独特的分子结构和性能引起了人们的广泛关注。本文重点评述了纳米碳管在环境样品前处理特别是在固相萃取和固相微萃取方面的研究现状与应用进展,并对纳米碳管的应用前景进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法直接测定环境水样中8种有机磷农药

建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）同时测定环境水样中8种有机磷农药的分析方法。以地表水、地下水、污水和废水样品作为代表性水样基底,前处理方法仅采用简单的滤膜过滤,在C₁₈柱分离后,在多反应监测模式下进行分析检测。结果表明,敌百虫、毒死蜱等有机磷农药在样品保存过程中迅速发生降解,分析须在样本采集后1 d内完成;该方法的检出限为0.10~0.20 μg/L,线性拟合相关系数（r）均>0.995;不同基底、不同浓度的加标回收实验表明,8种有机磷农药在环境基底中的回收率为74.5%~118%,相对标准偏差为0.4%~8.6%。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性好,在未来环境监测工作中具有较好的应用前景。     

间位羟基/甲氧基多溴联苯醚的合成

本文设计了3种合成路线,通过偶合反应、Baeyer-Villiger氧化水解、硝基还原、加溴反应、去甲基化等一系列反应,合成了多种间位羟基/甲基多溴联苯醚.产物经过气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)和核磁共振测试表明实验所合成得到的产物与设计的目标产物结构完全一致,其纯度达到标样要求.     

On Assessing Decomposition Rates of Plant Debris and Standard Cellulose Samples in Tundra Communities

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

微波萃取技术在分析土壤中有机污染物的应用

介绍了微波萃取技术及其使用的试剂、设备和条件,对微波萃取在分析土壤中有机污染物的应用予以综述,阐述了微波萃取技术是分析土壤中有机污染物的好方法。     

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3betaHSD2, and CYP11beta2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 10(5) L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11beta2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3betaHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11beta2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. DISCUSSION: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects.     

新疆阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度与碳储量估算

为科学评估新疆森林碳汇功能提供更准确的基础数据,论文基于在阿尔泰山布设的35个样地实测数据,参考2011年新疆森林资源清查资料,研究了我国境内阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳储量、碳密度及其空间分布特征。结果表明：1）阿尔泰山森林生态系统平均生物量为126.67 t·hm^-2,各组分生物量大小排序为：乔木层（120.84 t·hm^-2）>草本层（4.22 t·hm^-2）>凋落物层（1.61 t·hm^-2）,乔木各器官中,干、根、叶和枝分别占乔木生物量的50%、22%、16%和12%,干所占比例最大;林龄对植被生物量影响显著,生物量随林龄的增长而增加;2）生物量平均含碳率在0.40~0.53范围内,各组分、乔木各器官含碳率均不同,且林龄对含碳率影响显著;3）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度为205.72 t·hm^-2,碳储量为131.35 Tg,其中土壤层、乔木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为86.67、43.09、1.03、0.56 Tg,土壤层和乔木层碳储量分别占阿尔泰山森林生态系统总碳储量的66%和33%,构成阿尔泰山森林生态系统的主要碳储存库;不同龄级的碳储量表现为成熟林最大,过熟林次之,两者合计占生态系统总碳储量的61%;4）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度整体呈南高北低分布,是由西北—东南不同的环境因子影响所致。