Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

快速消解分光光度法测定低浓度水样化学需氧量的不确定度评定

摘要：运用测量不确定度评定的方法和程序,分析了快速消解分光光度法（HJ／T399—2007）测量水质化学需氧量测试过程中不确定度的来源,主要是标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、样品重复测定、分光光度计、取水样体积这五部分引入的不确定度。本次测量相对合成不确定度为0．027;最大的相对不确定度分量是标准曲线拟合引起的,相对不确定度为0．015;最小的相对不确定度分量是取水样体积引起的,相对不确定度为0．0032;本次测量结果为：56．0mg／L±3．04mg／L,k=2。     

新疆阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度与碳储量估算

为科学评估新疆森林碳汇功能提供更准确的基础数据,论文基于在阿尔泰山布设的35个样地实测数据,参考2011年新疆森林资源清查资料,研究了我国境内阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳储量、碳密度及其空间分布特征。结果表明：1）阿尔泰山森林生态系统平均生物量为126.67 t·hm^-2,各组分生物量大小排序为：乔木层（120.84 t·hm^-2）>草本层（4.22 t·hm^-2）>凋落物层（1.61 t·hm^-2）,乔木各器官中,干、根、叶和枝分别占乔木生物量的50%、22%、16%和12%,干所占比例最大;林龄对植被生物量影响显著,生物量随林龄的增长而增加;2）生物量平均含碳率在0.40~0.53范围内,各组分、乔木各器官含碳率均不同,且林龄对含碳率影响显著;3）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度为205.72 t·hm^-2,碳储量为131.35 Tg,其中土壤层、乔木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为86.67、43.09、1.03、0.56 Tg,土壤层和乔木层碳储量分别占阿尔泰山森林生态系统总碳储量的66%和33%,构成阿尔泰山森林生态系统的主要碳储存库;不同龄级的碳储量表现为成熟林最大,过熟林次之,两者合计占生态系统总碳储量的61%;4）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度整体呈南高北低分布,是由西北—东南不同的环境因子影响所致。     

气相色谱法测定水和气体样品中的二硫化碳

本文研究了用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定水和气体样品中二硫化碳的方法。本方法采取顶空进样法测水质样品,直接进样测气体样品。色谱柱为ＧＤＸ—１０１填充柱。方法简单,灵敏度高,水质样品最低检出浓度可达００００５ｍｇ／Ｌ,气体样品最低检出浓度达０００５ｍｇ／ｍ３。方法的精密度为５７％,回收率为９０３％。     

北京公园水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定及其分布特征

为了正确评估北京市公园水体受PAEs污染的程度,采集了北京11个公园湖水的水样,采用固相萃取-气相色谱联用技术检测了其中六种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的含量,该方法加标回收率在73%～89.3%,RSD为5.9%～18.1%,检出限在0.40～4.58mg/L。实验结果为北京公园水体中总PAEs浓度在6.4～138.1μg/L,平均值为27.9μg/L,证明北京公园水体受到不同程度的PAEs污染,主要的污染物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),其中东南部以及西北部的公园污染较严重。分析了PAEs在公园湖水底泥中和水体中的分布特征,结果显示,PAEs在湖水底泥中的含量明显大于在水体中的含量。     

微波-亚临界水萃取底泥中两种多氯联苯的研究

微波亚临界水萃取模拟土样中的2,3-二氯联苯和3,3′-二氯联苯,用气相色谱进行分析。与亚临界水萃取方法相比,该法缩短了萃取时间,分析物的萃取回收率有所提高。对微波亚临界水的萃取条件进行优化,确定了最佳萃取条件为时间20min、温度区段为210℃～225℃。方法对长江镇江段内江的底泥中的多氯联苯进行分析,测定结果与索氏提取-GC分析结果吻合,且不受底泥中腐殖质等有机物影响。     

The time of appearance and disappearance of fetal DNA from the maternal circulation

A single copy Y-chromosome DNA sequence was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the peripheral blood of 30 women who had achieved a pregnancy through an in vitro fertilization (IVF) programme. The time of conception was known precisely and was confirmed by serial ultrasound scans. Conceptions were dated as the number of weeks after fertilization plus 2, to give a time equivalent to the obstetric menstrual dating of the pregnancy (LMP). Y-chromosome-specific DNA was detected in all pregnancies with a male fetus (18/30). The earliest detection was at 4 weeks and 5 days, and the latest at 7 weeks and 1 day. Y-chromosome-specific sequences were no longer detected in any of the male pregnancies 8 weeks after delivery. No Y-chromosome sequences were detected in any of the pregnancies where only female babies were delivered. This demonstrates that fetal DNA appears in the maternal circulation early in the first trimester, that it can be identified in all pregnancies tested by 7 weeks, that it continues to be present throughout pregnancy, and that it has been cleared from the maternal circulation 2 months after parturition. Early non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for aneuploidies and inherited disorders will be possible in all pregnancies if fetal cells can be isolated free from maternal contamination (or identified accurately in the presence of maternal cells) without problems of contamination from previous pregnancies.     

环境样品中痕量铅的流动注射在线分离及分光光度检测

1　IntroductionLeadiswellknownasoneofthemosttoxicmetalsandnotedinthefieldofenvironmentalchemistry[1 ] .Theleadconcentrationinnaturalwaterisextremelylow (sub μg·l-1 level)sothatsomepreconcentrationstepmustbeincludedtoassurethesensitivityofaconventionalin…     

流动注射荧光猝灭法测定环境水样中痕量磷

在硫酸溶液中，P(Ⅴ)与钼酸盐、钒酸盐生成磷钼钒杂多酸，使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭，据此建立了测定痕量磷的流动注射荧光猝灭方法。方法的测定范围为2～90μg／L,进样频率为35样/h。采用本法测定环境水样中痕量磷，结果令人满意。     

Results from the first year of the Swedish dioxin survey

PCDD/F levels are presented for food baskets, raw and fried herring, wolf muscle and moose tallow collected from the same area, three burbot liver samples, a sediment core from the Baltic Sea and leach water from three garbage dumps. Levels in food baskets were at or below detection limits making the estimation of intake via the diet difficult. Frying herring produces no net change in PCDD/F levels. Moose have lower PCDD/F levels than wolf from the same area. Levels in burbot liver samples are much higher near industrial discharges than in a more undisturbed area. The top 4 cm of the sediment core contain the highest levels of PCDD/F. Thereafter the levels drop and reach a low level. This low level is probably caused by contamination during sampling and is not evidence of PCDD/F presence far back in time. Leach water from city dumps contains low levels of PCDD/F but that from a dump that takes industrial wastes had higher levels and a different congener pattern.