Programmed cell death induced by modified clay in controlling Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom

Modified clay (MC), an effective material used for the emergency elimination of algal blooms, can rapidly reduce the biomass of harmful algal blooms (HABs) via flocculation. After that, MC can still control bloom population through indirect effects such as oxidative stress, which was initially proposed to be related to programmed cell death (PCD) at molecular level. To further study the MC induced cell death in residual bloom organisms, especially identifying PCD process, we studied the physiological state of the residual Prorocentrum donghaiense. The experimental results showed that flocculation changed the physiological state of the residual cells, as evidenced by growth inhibition and increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, this research provides biochemical and ultrastructural evidence showing that MC induces PCD in P. donghaiense. Nuclear changes were observed, and increased caspase-like activity, externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation were detected in MC-treated groups and quantified. And the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in both MC-treated groups. Besides, the features of MC-induced PCD in a unicellular organism were summarized and its concentration dependent manner was proved. All our preliminary results elucidate the mechanism through which MC can further control HABs by inducing PCD and suggest a promising application of PCD in bloom control.     

三峡库区澎溪河与磨刀溪电导率等水质特征与水华的关系比较

三峡库区北岸最大一级支流自三峡大坝2003年蓄水以来,频繁暴发水华,而毗邻的一级支流磨刀溪却少有水华暴发.本文以澎溪河和磨刀溪作为研究对象,于2014年春季和夏季三峡库区水华高发期对两条河流同时采样,对比分析两条河流水体水质以及叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量的时空变化,探索澎溪河水华暴发机理.结果表明:澎溪河Chl-a含量较磨刀溪高,澎溪河春季Chl-a最大值为60.5μg·L~(-1),夏季Chl-a最大值仅7.8μg·L~(-1);磨刀溪Chl-a变化趋势与澎溪河相反,磨刀溪春季Chl-a含量为2.92μg·L~(-1),夏季Chl-a达到7.48μg·L~(-1).澎溪河与磨刀溪春季和夏季节水体温度分层,为温跃层+滞温层模式,而没有混合层;两条河流Chl-a含量均位于水深10 m温跃层.澎溪河春季总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均值为2.305 mg·L~(-1)和0.053 mg·L~(-1),夏季为1.673 mg·L~(-1)和0.097 mg·L~(-1);磨刀溪春季为1.875 mg·L~(-1)和0.075 mg·L~(-1),夏季为1.79 mg·L~(-1)和0.054 mg·L~(-1).TN、TP水平均超过了国际公认发生富营养化的阈值;水体氮磷含量与Chl-a浓度并无显著相关性,营养盐并不是藻类生物量的限制性因素.然而在水体电导率的规律方面,两条河却存在很大的差异;春季,磨刀溪上游上层水体(0~10 m)电导率只有下游和长江干流的75%,来自长江干流的回水可覆盖至磨刀溪中游(断面MD03),与Chl-a在此处密集保持一致;夏季电导率和回水区分布与春季相似.与磨刀溪不同,澎溪河春季上游电导率为下游和干流的150%,长江干流回水可到PX04与PX05之间,上游高电导率对应着高Chl-a含量;澎溪河电导率与藻类生长分布表现出显著正相关关系,水体中除N、P营养盐外的其它离子对澎溪河水华暴发起重要作用.     

火灾常见有害燃烧产物的生物毒理 (Ⅱ )——一氧化氮、二氧化氮

火灾中有害燃烧产物对人的毒害是火灾致人伤亡的主要原因之一,本文详细论述了一氧化氮NO、二氧化氮NO2两种火灾常见有害燃烧产物的生物毒理,深入地揭示了火灾有害燃烧产物NO、NO2对生物体的损伤机理。     

实用作业场所危险性评价方法

探讨一种操作简便、实用性强,既可定量评价又可在评价过程中得出定性评价结果的全新的安全评价方法,并阐述了其理论依据.     

富营养化水体水华暴发的突变模型

对南方某水库1991～2004年水质数据进行了系统分析,综合考虑TP、N:P、Chla和DO4个对该水库富营养化乃至水华影响较大的因子,构建了该水库水华突变的尖点模型.经检验,模型的相对误差控制<5%,具有较好的拟合精度.根据模型的突变判别,水库的水生态系统在1997年发生了突变,这一模拟结论与TP指标的突变判别结论相印证,并与该水库1997年首度暴发水华的实际情况相一致.     

Seaweed sex pheromones and their degradation products frequently suppress amphipod feeding but rarely suppress sea urchin feeding

Summary. A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C₁₁ metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that cue gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release. We demonstrate that these C₁₁ metabolites and their degradation products also frequently and strongly deter feeding by the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana, but rarely by the herbivorous sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Across the range of concentrations tested, seven of twelve C₁₁ metabolites or mixtures that we tested deterred feeding by the amphipod, but only two of eleven deterred the sea urchin. For those compounds where we could rigorously contrast the magnitude of deterrence against the amphipod with the magnitude of deterrence against the urchin, the amphipod was deterred significantly more than the urchin by five of six metabolites. Thus, C₁₁ compounds were more frequently and more strongly deterrent to the amphipod than to the sea urchin. These findings for C₁₁ metabolites conflict with previous investigations, where other classes of seaweed chemical defenses have been shown to deter feeding by large mobile herbivores like urchins and fishes but to be relatively ineffective against mesograzers, especially the species of amphipod that we used here. Our results suggest that C₁₁ metabolites are unusual among the known seaweed chemical defenses in that they are especially effective against mesograzers, which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles. The high concentrations of C₁₁ metabolites in brown algal eggs could allow these defenses to be especially important in defending gametes, zygotes, or young sporelings from herbivorous mesograzers. Received 26 February 1998; accepted 9 April 1998.     

三峡水库“水华”成因初探

2004年3月、5月、7月、8月、10月和2005年5月对长江干流29个站点进行了5次调查。2004年3月（旱季）在三峡库区坝前（秭归）发现藻类“水华”，藻类密度达2.73×106 cells/L，优势种类为拟多甲藻。2004年8月（雨季）和2005年4月（旱季）沿香溪河下游及河口区以及香溪河口到三峡大坝干流江段进行了2次6个断面分层调查，两次调查中在香溪河下游以及香溪河口区发现了严重的藻类“水华”，藻类密度高达1.87×107 cells/L 和1.67×107 cells/L，优势种分别为蓝隐藻（1.84×107 cells/L）和美丽星杆藻 (1.34×107 cells/L)。相关分析结果表明：三峡库区干流藻类数量和生物量与水库的出水流量有着显著的负相关(Spearman，r=-1.000, r=-0.900, p<0.05)，而与可溶性营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）的浓度无显著的相关性；在2004年7~8月（雨季）香溪河下游及河口区浮游植物生物量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）的浓度呈显著负相关（Spearman,p<0.01, p<0.05,p<0.01, n=21）；在2005年4月（旱季）该河段藻类密度与主要营养盐（NO3 N N,SiO3 Si）呈显著负相关 (Spearman, p<0.05，p<0.01,n=28)，但与PO4 P无显著的相关性。香溪河口到秭归的坝前库区河段藻类数量与主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P,SiO3 Si）没有显著相关性(Spearman, │r│<0.2, n=20)。然而香溪河下游及河口区主要营养盐（NO3 N, PO4 P, SiO3 Si）浓度却低于长江干流。可以推断三峡库区蓄水后干流和支流发生“水华”的最主要原因是筑坝后库区内水动力条件的改变而非营养盐浓度较高。随着三峡工程的全面完工，库区内水体滞留时间的进一步延长，三峡库区水体富营养化趋势将会进一步加剧。     

稀土元素对于减小电镀废液污染与提高钻头安全使用系数的作用研究

通过在生产电镀金刚石钻头的镀液中添加适当比例的稀土元素，可以促进毒性大，对环境污染严重的重金属离子的沉积，可以减小镀液浓度，控制污染总量，可以有效地提高电镀速度和电流效率，通过稀土元素在电镀钻头，热压钻头胎体中与其它有害物质的相互作用，改善了胎体性能，提高了钻头使用过程中的安全系数。     

特钢方坯连铸机水处理技术

介绍了特钢方坯连铸机水,用添加水稳药剂和用次氯酸钠杀菌灭藻的处理技术,使水质稳定从而保证了特钢方坯连铸机的用水系统安全运转.经过多年的运行考核,数据稳定,连铸机用水安全正常.     

南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响及对策研究(Ⅱ)——汉江水华发生的概率分析与防治对策

为了评估南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响,根据汉江水华发生的成因和关键因子的分析结果,对汉江水华发生的概率进行了定性分析;应用水动力学模型和富营养化动力学模型以及随机模拟法对汉江水华发生的概率进行了定量计算,并提出了相应的防治对策。结果表明熏南水北调中线工程145×108m3方案实施后将增加汉江水华发生的概率,而引江济汉工程的兴建将极大地减少汉江水华发生的概率。汉江自身的水污染治理是减少水华发生概率的最根本措施。丹江口水库增加枯水期下泄流量和三峡电站减少枯水期下泄流量的联合调度将减小汉江水华发生的概率。